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Table 5 Age and fully adjusted odds ratios for current cigarette smoking among males by sociodemographic characteristics

From: Prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of tobacco use among adults in Pakistan: findings of a nationwide survey conducted in 2012

All males (N = 1025)

Characteristics

Age-adjusted OR

Fully adjusted OR

 

(95% CI)

(95% CI)1

Age (OR per category)2

1.18 (1.01, 1.36)

1.15 (0.98, 1.34)

Education (OR per category)3

0.77 (0.69, 0.85)

0.75 (0.68, 0.84)

Monthly household income (OR per category)4

0.92 (0.80, 1.07)

1.04 (0.90, 1.21)

Poverty score (OR per quartile from poorest to richest)

1.03 (0.90, 1.19)

1.13 (0.97, 1.32)

Province

Sindh vs. Punjab

0.79 (0.49, 1.28)

0.92 (0.57, 1.50)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa vs. Punjab

0.26 (0.14, 0.46)

0.30 (0.18, 0.50)

Balochistan vs. Punjab

0.66 (0.30, 1.48)

0.90 (0.45, 1.81)

Location (Rural vs. Urban)

1.12 (0.54, 2.28)

0.87 (0.46, 1.64)

Those with fathers who used tobacco vs. those with fathers who do not use tobacco

2.06 (1.38, 3.09)

2.11 (1.39, 3.22)

Those with mothers who used tobacco vs. those with mothers who do not use tobacco

1.11 (0.58, 2.12)

0.87 (0.41, 1.84)

Urban males (N = 853)

Age (OR per category)2

1.22 (1.03, 1.43)

1.21 (1.03, 1.43)

Education (OR per category)3

0.81 (0.72, 0.90)

0.80 (0.71, 0.89)

Monthly household income (OR per category)4

0.99 (0.83, 1.14)

1.08 (0.92, 1.27)

Poverty score (OR per quartile from poorest to richest)

1.05 (0.91, 1.22)

1.13 (0.97, 1.32)

Province

Sindh vs. Punjab

0.81 (0.49, 1.35)

0.92 (0.55, 1.55)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa vs. Punjab

0.27 (0.14, 0.50)

0.31 (0.18, 0.52)

Balochistan vs. Punjab

1.01 (0.71, 1.42)

1.21 (0.84, 1.74)

Migration from village to city 5

1.30 (0.91, 1.87)

1.29 (0.88, 1.89)

Those with fathers who used tobacco vs. those with fathers who do not use tobacco

2.03 (1.32, 3.12)

2.10 (1.35, 3.29)

Those with mothers who used tobacco vs. those with mothers who do not use tobacco

1.13 (0.58, 2.21)

0.84 (0.39, 1.84)

Rural Males (N = 148)

Age (OR per category)2

0.82 (0.49, 1.38)

0.77 (0.40, 1.47)

Education (OR per category)3

0.60 (0.48, 0.77)

0.63 (0.50, 0.81)

Monthly household income (OR per category)4

0.59 (0.42, 0.82)

0.67 (0.48, 0.92)

Poverty score (OR per quartile from poorest to richest)

0.90 (0.54, 1.48)

1.15 (0.75, 1.76)

Province

  

Sindh vs. Punjab

0.68 (0.16, 2.84)

0.90 (0.28, 2.83)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa vs. Punjab

0.17 (0.04, 0.82)

0.35 (0.05, 2.36)

Those with fathers who used tobacco vs. those with fathers who do not use tobacco

2.08 (0.66, 6.53)

3.07 (1.04, 9.02)

Those with mothers who used tobacco vs. those with mothers who do not use tobacco

1.83 (0.36, 9.26)

4.41 (0.77, 25.20)

  1. Notes:
  2. 1For all males: adjusted for age, education, province and fathers’ tobacco use. For Urban Males; adjusted for age, education, province and fathers’ tobacco use. For rural males: adjusted for age, education, fathers’ tobacco use, and monthly household income.
  3. 2Age group categories: 18–20, 21–30, 31–40, 41–50, 51–60, and >60 years, respectively.
  4. 3Education categories: illiterate/no formal education, up to primary (≤ 5 years), up to middle (6–8 years), up to matric (9–10 years), up to intermediate (11–12 years), and graduate/post-graduate/professional education, respectively.
  5. 4Monthly household income categories: <3000, 3001–7000, 7001–10,000, 10,001-15,000, 15,001-30,000 and >30,000 Rupees respectively.
  6. 5OR for migrants vs. non-migrants.