Table 3 Comparison of overall birth prevalences (per 10,000) of selected defects in Lombardy (1999), Finland (1998), Georgia and Hawaii (1995–1999).
From: Descriptive epidemiology of selected birth defects, areas of Lombardy, Italy, 1999
|  |  | Lombardy | Finland* | Georgia° | Hawaii° |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of live births | 12 008 | 57 108 | 216 009 | 89 079 | |
Defects | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Total number | 246 | 591 | 4836 | 1878 | |
Total prevalence (/10,000) | 204.9 | 103.5 | 223.9 | 233.6 | |
Prevalence of individual defects (/10,000) | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
1 | Anencephaly | 0 | 0.2 | 4.2 | 3.8 |
2 | Spin bifida | 1.7 | 3.2 | 4.4 | 5.2 |
3 | Encephalocele | 0 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 2.6 |
4 | Microcephaly | 3.3 | 1.6 | 8.4 | 8.5 |
5 | Arhinencephaly/holoprosencephaly | 4.2 | 0.9 | Not reported | Not reported |
6 | Hydrocephaly | 5.8 | 3.2 | 8.0 | 11.6 |
7 | Buphtalmos | 0.83 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
8 | Congenital cataract | 3.3 | Not reported | 1.9 | 1.8 |
9 | Anotia/microtia | 1.7 | 4.7 | 1.4 | 3.6 |
10 | Transposition of great vessels | 6.7 | 4.0 | 5.4 | 5.5 |
11 | Tetralogy of Fallot | 2.5 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 3.1 |
12 | Ventricular septal defect | 58.3 | Not reported | 35.6 | 43.4 |
13 | Atrial septal defect | 11 | Not reported | 25.3 | 22.8 |
14 | Endocardial cushion defect | 3.3 | Not reported | 5.5 | 2.6 |
15 | Ebstein's anomaly | 0.8 | Not reported | 0.7 | 0.9 |
16 | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 0.8 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 1.5 |
17 | Coarctation of aorta | 7.5 | 8.2 | 5.6 | 2.5 |
18 | Choanal atresia, bilateral | 0 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 1.2 |
19 | Cleft palate without cleft lip | 5.0 | 16.3 | 6.5 | 7.9 |
20 | Cleft lip with or without cleft palate | 5.8 | 8.0 | 9.3 | 14.5 |
21 | Oesophageal atresia/stenosis | 4.2 | 3.3 | 2.0 | 1.9 |
22 | Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis | 10.8 | Not reported | 13.9 | 7.4 |
23 | Small intestine atresia/stenosis | 1.7 | 0.7 | Not reported | Not reported |
24 | Anorectal atresia/stenosis | 1.7 | 4.7 | 3.5 | 4.8 |
25 | Hirschsprung's disease | 3.3 | Not reported | 2.1 | 2.2 |
26 | Anomalies of fixation | 1.7 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
27 | Hypospadias | 25.8 | 2.6 | 35.1 | 29.6 |
27 | Epispadia | Not analysed | 0.35 | With hypospadia | With hypospadia |
28 | Indeterminate sex | 0 | 0.3 | Not reported | Not reported |
29 | Renal agenesis | 3.3 | 0.7 | 4.4 | 5.6 |
30 | Cystic kidney | 5.0 | 3.3 | Not reported | Not reported |
31 | Bladder exstrophy | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
32 | Polydactyly and syndactyly | 12.5 | 2.8 | Not reported | Not reported |
33 | Total limb reduction defects | Not analysed | 5.6 | 5.8 | 4.7 |
34 | Diaphragmatic hernia | 3.3 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.6 |
35 | Omphalocele | 0 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 3.5 |
36 | Gastroschisis | 0 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 4.4 |
37 | Trisomy 13 | 0 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 2.6 |
38 | Trisomy 18 | 0 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 6.5 |
39 | Down syndrome | 8.3 | 10.5 | 12.4 | 16.0 |
40 | Prader Willi syndrome | 0.8 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |