Table 1 Risk factors for COPD included in the final prevalence model

Smoking Status

(P < 0.001)

(P < 0.001)

   - Never smoker

1

1

   - Former smoker

3.63 (2.54 – 5.21)

2.18 (1.48 – 3.23)

   - Current Smoker

3.81 (2.64 – 5.52)

4.50 (3.01 – 6.74)

Age-group (in years of age)

(P < 0.001)

(P < 0.001)

   - <35

1

1

   - 35–44

1.65 (0.86 – 3.17)

1.94 (0.99 – 3.78)

   - 45–54

2.45 (1.33 – 4.50)

2.66 (1.41 – 4.99)

   - 55–64

6.91 (4.02 – 11.89)

7.92 (4.46 – 14.07)

   - 65–74

10.40 (6.08 – 17.80)

12.69 (7.12 – 22.60)

   - 75+

12.15 (6.78 – 21.76)

16.02 (8.57 – 29.94)

Area of residence

(P = 0.02)

(P = 0.25)

   - Urban

1

1

   - Suburban

0.70 (0.50 – 0.97)

0.74 (0.51 – 1.06)

   - Rural

0.58 (0.39 – 0.86)

0.72 (0.46 – 1.15)

Ethnicity

(P = 0.64)

(P = 0.95)

   - White

1

1

   - Black/Black British

1.20 (0.48 – 2.99)

1.17 (0.44 – 3.10)

   - Asian/Asian British

0.69 (0.28 – 1.70)

0.97 (0.37 – 2.51)

Quintile of Multiple Deprivation Score

1.22 (1.11 – 1.34) (P < 0.001)

1.17 (1.05 – 1.31) (P = 0.005)

Smoking Status

(P < 0.001)

(P < 0.001)

   - Never smoker

1

1

   - Former smoker

1.70 (1.07 – 2.64)

1.26 (0.79 – 2.01)

   - Current Smoker

3.53 (2.43 – 5.14)

4.11 (2.74 – 6.15)

Age-group (in years of age)

(P < 0.001)

(P < 0.001)

   - <35

1

1

   - 35–44

1.08 (0.53 – 2.19)

1.35 (0.65 – 2.79)

   - 45–54

2.34 (1.28 – 4.30)

2.69 (1.42 – 5.09)

   - 55–64

4.18 (2.34 – 7.47)

6.03 (3.26 – 11.15)

   - 65–74

5.36 (2.99 – 9.61)

8.04 (4.33 – 14.91)

   - 75+

5.34 (2.79 – 10.22)

10.40 (5.18 – 20.87)

Area of residence

(P = 0.01)

(P = 0.04)

   - Urban

1

1

   - Suburban

0.62 (0.42 – 0.92)

0.59 (0.39 – 0.90)

   - Rural

0.47 (0.29 – 0.77)

0.55 (0.32 – 0.96)

Ethnicity

(P = 0.19)

(P = 0.50)

   - White

1

1

   - Black/Black British

1.14 (0.42 – 3.12)

1.81 (0.64 – 5.14)

   - Asian/Asian British

0.24 (0.03 – 1.76)

0.60 (0.08 – 4.47)

Quintile of Multiple Deprivation Score

1.18 (1.05 – 1.34) (P = 0.005)

1.11 (0.98 – 1.27) (P = 0.11)