A novel framework for validating and applying standardized small area measurement strategies

Table 1 The four model types and their respective specifications.

Model Family	Individual Race	Coefficient on Time	Spatial covariate	County-level covariates
Naive	Excluded	Fixed	No	No
	Excluded	Random	No	No
	Included	Fixed	No	No
	Included	Random	No	No
Geospatial	Excluded	Fixed	Yes, from naive model	No
	Excluded	Random	Yes, from naive model	No
	Included	Fixed	Yes, from naive model	No
	Included	Random	Yes, from naive model	No
Covariate	Excluded	Fixed	No	Yes
	Excluded	Random	No	Yes
	Included	Fixed	No	Yes
	Included	Random	No	Yes
Full	Excluded	Fixed	Yes, from covariate model	Yes
	Excluded	Random	Yes, from covariate model	Yes
	Included	Fixed	Yes, from covariate model	Yes
	Included	Random	Yes, from covariate model	Yes

Note: Sixteen models for men and women, respectively, were estimated and evaluated for (a) all available observations, (b) by sampling 100, 50, and 10 observations per county-year for counties with at least 900 respondents in 1996-2004. The sampling was repeated 10 times at each sampling level.

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