Measuring the burden of arboviral diseases: the spectrum of morbidity and mortality from four prevalent infections

Table 3 DALY inputs: Average annualized incidence, typical age at onset, mortality, and risk for disability for studied pathogens

Arbovirus name (common abbreviation)	Estimated clinical cases^aper annum^b	Median age for symptomatic disease	Case-fatality rate (%)^c	Survivor's risk for multiyear or permanent disability
Yellow fever (YFV)	30,000 to 200,000 [78]	25 yr [80, 81]	2 to 15% [78, 79, 81]	0 to 2% [78]
Japanese encephalitis (JEV)	35,000 to 50,000 [72, 82]	10 yr [72]	10 to 30% [72, 82]	30 to 50% [72, 83]
Chikungunya (CHIKV)	33,000 to 93,000^b	40 yr [84, 88]	0.1 to 28% [75, 84]	5 to 50% [85, 86]
Rift Valley fever (RVFV)	350 to 2,750^b	28 yr [68, 104]	1 to 3.3% [32, 74]	4 to 10% [27, 31]

^a Clinical cases are defined as symptomatic cases requiring medical attention. Asymptomatic or inapparent infections are not included in these figures.
^b Arbovirus transmission typically occurs in epidemic waves based on cyclical weather phenomena that contribute to significant increases in local abundance of arthropod vectors. For standardized DALY comparison, where global estimates of case rates were not available, the study assumed an annualized arboviral clinical case rate of 1.3 to 3.7/100,000 in the general population of an at-risk country.
^c Rate per clinical cases (see note a, above)

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