Table 5 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for individual- and community-level risk factors for under-5 mortality and region of residence

Region of residence

North Central

1.51 (0.99 - 2.30)

1.50 (0.99 - 2.29)

1.31 (0.83 - 2.07)

1.27 (0.79 - 2.03)

North East

2.41 (1.63 - 3.57)

2.35 (1.59 - 3.49)

1.49 (0.94 - 2.26)

1.38 (0.83 - 2.29)

North West

2.28 (1.56 - 3.34)

2.23 (1.52 - 3.27)

1.41 (0.89 - 2.26)

1.29 (0.77 - 2.17)

South East

1.41 (0.88 - 2.26)

1.37 (0.85 - 2.21)

0.65 (0.35 - 1.23)

0.68 (0.36 - 1.28)

South South

1.85 (1.17 - 2.91)

1.82 (1.15 - 2.87)

1.36 (1.81 - 2.30)

1.30 (1.76 - 2.20)

South West

1

1

1

1

Sex of child

Female

1.09 (0.93 - 1.27)

1.04 (0.87 - 1.24)

1.04 (0.87 - 1.24)

Male

1

1

1

Birth order

First birth (order 1)

1.40 (1.16 - 1.68)

1.2 (0.99 - 1.68)

1.28 (0.98 - 1.68)

2 - 4 birth order

1

1

1

≥ 5 birth order

1.44 (1.16 - 1.80)

1.64 (1.24 - 2.18)

1.64 (1.24 - 2.17)

Mother's age

≤ 23 years

1.01 (0.77 - 1.31)

1.02 (0.78 - 1.32)

24 - 28 years

1

1

≥ 34 years

0.84 (0.62 - 1.13)

0.84 (0.62 - 1.14)

Mother's age at birth of first child

≤ 18 years

1.12 (0.88 - 1.42)

1.13 (0.88 - 1.44)

≥ 19 years

1

1

Marital status

Single

0.72 (0.29 - 1.78)

0.73 (0.29 - 1.78)

Married

1

1

Divorced

1.75 (1.08 - 2.82)

1.76 (1.09 - 2.84)

Religion

Muslim

1.09 (0.78 - 1.51)

1.08 (0.77 - 1.50)

Traditional

1.62 (0.78 - 3.36)

1.60 (0.77 - 3.34)

Christian

1

1

Mothers' education

No education

2.24 (1.51 - 3.32)

2.17 (1.44 - 3.26)

Primary education

1.92 (1.35 - 2.74)

1.90 (1.32 - 2.75)

Secondary or higher education

1

1

Wealth index

Poor

1.27 (0.98 - 1.63)

1.23 (0.95 - 1.59)

Middle

1

1

Rich

0.85 (0.62 - 1.17)

0.89 (0.64 - 1.22)

Cross-level interaction (mother's age at birth of first child & community prenatal care by doctor

0.94 (0.63 - 1.40)

1.15 (0.58 - 1.51)

Cross-level interaction (mother's education & community prenatal care by doctor

1.08 (0.25 - 1.76)

1.41 (1.21 - 1-78)

Community mother's education

Low

1.05 (0.83 - 1.34)

Middle

1

High

1.02 (0.75 - 1.39)

Community prenatal care by doctor

Low

1.36 (1.15 - 1.86)

High

1

Community hospital delivery

Low

1.12 (0.87 - 1.45)

Middle

1

High

0.79 (0.52 - 1.22)

Random part

ICC Mothers

Variance (SE)

ICC Communities

Variance (SE)

Log likelihood