Table 3 Weighted prevalence rates (and 95% CIs) for tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco use among men according to demographic and socio-economic variables in seven South and Southeast Asian countries in Demographic and Health Surveys
Tobacco smoking (%) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
India | Pakistan | Nepal | Bangladesh | Maldives‡ | Indonesia‡ | Cambodia | Timor Leste | |
Overall prevalence (%) | 34.12 (33.64, 34.6) | 31.55 (28.78, 34.31) | 33.59 (31.23, 35.95) | 60.01 (58.18, 61.84) | 47.33 (44.16, 50.49) | 72.30 (70.85, 73.75) | 34.69 (33.16, 36.22) | 69.49 (67.64, 71.25) |
Urban | 29.48 (28.79, 30.16) | 27.95 (22.95, 32.96) | 27.68 (24.64, 30.72) | 54.77 (50.77, 58.78) | 46.87 (40.32, 53.42) | 69.05 (66.80, 71.29) | 21.89 (19.21, 24.57) | 63.99 (60.44, 67.54) |
Rural | 36.79 (36.15, 37.43) | 33.51 (30.21, 36.81) | 34.83 (32.05, 37.61) | 61.55 (59.48, 63.62) | 47.59 (44.33, 50.84) | 75.63 (73.87, 77.40) | 38.01 (36.25, 39.76) | 71.46 (69.38, 73.53) |
Age group (years) | ||||||||
15-29 | 24.31 (23.68, 24.93) | 21.15 (16.85, 25.45) | 27.44 (24.72, 30.15) | 56.94 (53.71, 60.18) | 50.08 (43.67, 56.49) | 77.27 (74.28, 80.27) | 20.20 (18.55, 21.86) | 60.76 (58.27, 63.26) |
30-39 | 40.57 (39.60, 41.54) | 30.45 (26.14, 34.76) | 36.38 (31.73, 41.03) | 57.68 (54.48, 60.88) | 49.63 (44.08, 55.19) | 73.16 (70.96, 75.36) | 50.16 (47.04, 53.28) | 80.15 (77.34, 82.95) |
≥40¶ | 45.88 (44.90, 46.86) | 39.94 (35.07, 44.82) | 46.61 (42.01, 51.21) | 63.27 (60.52, 66.01) | 44.47 (40.15, 48.79) | 69.91 (67.91, 71.90) | 56.78 (53.77, 59.79) | 79.47 (76.10, 82.85) |
Marital status | ||||||||
Married | 41.64 (41.02, 42.27) | 31.07 (28.25, 33.90) | 40.52 (37.57, 43.48) | 60.03 (58.17, 61.88) | 46.42 (43.08, 49.77) | 72.31 (70.86, 73.76) | 48.47 (46.46, 50.47) | 80.24 (78.06, 82.43) |
Single* | 20.52 (19.86, 21.19) | 54.57 (37.57, 71.56) | 21.43 (18.82, 24.04) | 58.38 (39.87, 76.89) | 62.91 (49.64, 76.18) | 64.97 (41.88, 88.06) | 15.30 (13.61, 16.98) | 59.14 (56.66, 61.63) |
Education | ||||||||
No education | 52.06 (50.82, 53.30) | 40.41 (35.94, 44.87) | 57.90 (52.58, 63.21) | 72.33 (69.40, 75.26) | 46.25 (41.65, 50.85) | 72.32 (64.10, 80.55) | 66.90 (62.12, 71.68) | 81.42 (78.28, 84.57) |
primary | 44.87 (43.64, 46.10) | 33.36 (27.75, 38.97) | 42.83 (38.26, 47.40) | 63.59 (60.58, 66.59) | 52.40 (47.29, 57.51) | 78.14 (75.94, 80.33) | 46.17 (44.09, 48.26) | 76.56 (73.72, 79.39) |
Secondary | 27.56 (26.95, 28.17) | 28.92 (24.34, 33.49) | 27.39 (24.37, 30.41) | 51.88 (47.72, 56.04) | 48.59 (42.38, 54.81) | 73.12 (71.20, 75.04) | 22.79 (20.95, 24.63) | 62.03 (59.49, 64.56) |
Higher | 20.12 (19.00, 21.24) | 18.56 (13.54, 23.57) | 20.54 (16.71, 24.37) | 35.63 (30.22, 41.04) | 29.67 (20.39, 38.95) | 50.86 (45.88, 55.85) | 4.51 (2.67, 6.34) | 60.60 (52.34, 68.85) |
Wealth index | ||||||||
Poorest | 44.98 (43.61, 46.36) | 32.86 (28.28, 37.45) | 42.55 (36.92, 48.18) | 70.12 (66.00, 74.23) | 52.98 (46.13, 59.83) | 80.98 (78.69, 83. 28) | 52.40 (48.88, 55.93) | 73.36 (69.81 (76.92) |
Poorer | 41.53 (40.30, 42.75) | 35.22 (29.64, 40.80) | 37.43 (33.11, 41.75) | 63.97 (59.62, 68.32) | 48.55 (42.52, 54.59) | 78.80 (76.28, 81.31) | 42.43 (39.21, 45.66) | 73.09 (69.60, 76.58) |
Middle | 36.73 (35.67, 37.79) | 36.51 (31.24, 41.79) | 37.84 (32.31, 43.37) | 63.18 (58.89, 67.47) | 45.84 (40.71, 50.97) | 76.62 (73.88, 79.35) | 34.99 (31.91, 38.07) | 71.81 (68.13, 75.48) |
Richer | 30.31 (29.37, 31.24) | 32.64 (25.55, 39.73) | 29.07 (24.29, 33.85) | 56.43 (52.13, 60.74) | 43.03 (35.14, 50.93) | 68.11 (64.88, 71.34) | 29.26 (26.67, 31.84) | 69.19 (65.69, 72.69) |
Richest | 22.50 (21.70, 23.31) | 21.9 (16.40, 27.39) | 26.54 (23.17, 29.90) | 46.81 (42.71, 50.91) | 47.56 (39.32, 55.79) | 57.91 (54.20, 61.62) | 19.47 (17.03, 21.91) | 61.54 (57.73, 65.35) |
Religion | ||||||||
Hindu | 34.30 (33.77, 34.83) | -------------- | 34.19 (31.68, 36.70) | --------------------- | -------------------- | -------------------- | --------------------- | ---------------------- |
Islam | 37.69 (36.28, 39.09) | -------------- | --------------------- | 61.65 (53.54, 69.77) | -------------------- | -------------------- | --------------------- | ----------------------- |
Buddhist | -------------------- | -------------- | -------------------- | -------------------- | -------------------- | -------------------- | 34.22 (32.69, 35.76) | -------------------- |
Roman catholic | -------------------- | -------------- | --------------------- | --------------------- | -------------------- | -------------------- | ---------------------- | 69.78 (67.96, 71.59) |
Others | 23.56 (22.12, 25.00) | -------------- | 30.38 (25.56, 35.20) | 59.83 (57.99, 61.68) | -------------------- | -------------------- | 51.71 (42.92, 60.50) | 51.02 (34.21, 67.82) |
Smokeless tobacco use (%) | ||||||||
India | Pakistan | Nepal | Bangladesh | Maldives ‡ | Indonesia ‡ | Cambodia | Timor Leste | |
Overall prevalence (%) | 36.72 (36.23, 37.21) | 16.30 (14.16, 18.43) | 34.82 (32.4, 37.24) | 21.35 (19.48, 23.22) | 8.48 (7.02, 9.94) | 0.46 (0.28, 0.64) | 3.43 (2.88, 3.98) | 2.48 (1.8, 3.15) |
Urban | 31.26 (30.56, 31.96) | 20.13 (16.08, 24.17) | 26.86 (23.22, 30.49) | 20.19 (17.68, 22.71) | 6.07 (3.34, 8.79) | 0.13 (0.01, 0.25) | 1.30 (0.62, 1.97) | 1.86 (0.65, 3.08) |
Rural | 39.87 (39.21, 40.52) | 14.21 (11.76, 16.66) | 36.49 (33.67, 39.32) | 22.53 (20.49, 24.57) | 9.87 (8.16, 11.57) | 0.78 (0.45, 1.12) | 3.97 (3.30, 4.64) | 2.69 (1.89, 3.50) |
Age group (years) | ||||||||
15-29 | 33.81 (33.11, 34.50) | 21.04 (16.78, 25.30) | 22.31 (19.50, 25.13) | 14.30 (11.84, 16.76) | 1.51 (−0.22, 3.25) | 0.46 (0.15, 0.77) | 1.96 (1.43, 2.50) | 1.82 (1.16, 2.49) |
30-39 | 42.03 (41.05, 43.02) | 16.07 (12.84, 19.30) | 50.86 (46.64, 55.07) | 17. 90 (15.38, 20.43) | 4.92 (2.81, 7.02) | 0.37 (0.12, 0.61) | 4.78 (3.72, 5.84) | 3.11 (1.69, 4.53) |
≥40 | 36.90 (35.92, 37.87) | 13.27 (10.62, 15.93) | 48.40 (43.88, 52.91) | 28.09 (25.69, 30.49) | 14.11 (11.38, 16.83) | 0.52 (0.28, 0.76) | 5.86 (4.66, 7.05) | 3.40 (2.17, 4.63) |
Marital status | ||||||||
Married | 41.38 (40.75, 42.01) | 16.49 (14.33, 18.65) | 47.28 (44.45, 50.11) | 21.66 (20.09, 23.23) | 8.72 (7.15, 10.29) | 0.45 (0.27, 0.63) | 4.72 (3.99, 5.45) | 3.16 (2.20, 4.12) |
Single* | 28.30 (27.55, 29.06) | 6.84 (1.12, 1.26) | 12.97 (10.48, 15.46) | 18.91 (6.22, 31.62) | 3.94 (0.33, 7.55) | 1.92 (−0.38, 4.22) | 1.60 (1.11, 2.08) | 1.81 (1.18, 2.45) |
Education | ||||||||
No education | 45.58 (44.33, 46.83) | 18.36 (14.45, 22.28) | 57.79 (50.64, 64.95) | 24.84 (22.09, 27.59) | 17.21 (13.79, 20.63) | 1.91 (−0.13, 3.96) | 8.66 (6.00, 11.31) | 4.17 (2.61, 5.73) |
primary | 44.25 (43.01,45.48) | 19.77 (15.29, 24.26) | 49.97 (45.83, 54.11) | 25.25 (22.46, 28.04) | 6.76 (3.67, 9.85) | 0.79 (0.40, 1.18) | 5.12 (4.16, 6.09) | 2.70 (1.63, 3.77) |
Secondary | 34.39 (33.74, 35.05) | 15.01 (11.83, 18.19) | 27.71 (25.01, 30.41) | 18.13 (15.45, 20.81) | 1.96 (0.38, 3.54) | 0.21 (0.10, 0.32) | 1.42 (1.03, 1.81) | 1.74 (1.11, 2.38) |
Higher | 22.97 (21.78, 24.15) | 10.67 (7.27, 14.06) | 18.39 (14.35, 22.44) | 13.04 (9.91, 16.18) | 4.31 (−1.18, 9.80) | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.10) | 0.08 (−0.03, 0.19) | 1.93 (−0.43, 4.30) |
Wealth index | ||||||||
Poorest | 51.51 (50.13, 52.90) | 19.24 (14.08, 24.40) | 42.90 (36.70, 49.09) | 26.60 (23.18, 30.02) | 11.13 (7.54, 14.71) | 1.71 (0.98, 2.44) | 7.21 (5.50, 8.92) | 3.24 (1.90, 4.58) |
Poorer | 45.19 (43.95, 46.43) | 16.50 (12.53, 20.47) | 40.45 (35.34, 45.57) | 25.38 (21.86, 28.90) | 11.66 (7.86, 15.45) | 0.25 (0.06, 0.43) | 5.41 (3.93, 6.89) | 3.61 (1.75, 5.48) |
Middle | 37.28 (36.19, 38.36) | 14.69 (10.57, 18.80) | 44.28 (38.14, 50.42) | 24.13 (20.94, 27.31) | 8.72 (5.82, 11.62) | 0.38 (−0.00, 0.78) | 3.34 (2.19, 4.48) | 2.08 (1.13, 3.02) |
Richer | 32.52 (31.56, 33.49) | 14.25 (10.52, 17.98) | 29.87 (25.92, 33.82) | 19.35 (16.26, 22.44) | 6.83 (3.60, 10.07) | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.09) | 1.42 (0.93, 1.91) | 2.32 (1.05, 3.59) |
Richest | 23.81 (22.97, 24.65) | 17.00 (11.27, 22.74) | 23.42 (19.31, 27.52) | 15.65 (13.06, 18.25) | 5.64 (2.24, 9.05) | 0.10 (−0.01, 0.22) | 0.79 (0.32, 1.25) | 1.38 (0.41, 2.35) |
Religion + | ||||||||
Hindu | 37.52 (36.97, 38.07) | -------------- | 35.53 (32.90, 38.15) | ---------------------- | ---------------------- | ---------------------- | ---------------------- | ---------------------- |
Islam | 35.97 (34.53, 37.40) | -------------- | --------------------- | --------------------- | --------------------- | --------------------- | ---------------------- | ----------------------- |
Buddhist | -------------------- | -------------- | -------------------- | -------------------- | --------------------- | -------------------- | 3.28 (2.72, 3.85) | ----------------------- |
Roman catholic | --------------------- | -------------- | ---------------------- | ---------------------- | ---------------------- | ---------------------- | ------------------- | 2.41 (1.74, 3.08) |
Others | 26.74 (25.16, 28.32) | -------------- | 31.02 (25.76, 36.27) | ---------------------- | ---------------------- | ---------------------- | 8.55 (2.31, 14.78) | 5.75 (0.34, 11.16) |