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Table 4 Weighted prevalence rates (and 95% CIs) for tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco use among women according to demographic and socio-economic variables in seven South and Southeast Asian countries in Demographic and Health Surveys

From: Smoking and smokeless tobacco use in nine South and Southeast Asian countries: prevalence estimates and social determinants from Demographic and Health Surveys

 

Tobacco smoking (%)

 

India

Pakistan

Nepal

Philippines

Maldives

Indonesia

Cambodia

Timor Leste

Overall prevalence (%)

2.2 (2.08, 2.31)

4.02 (3.28, 4.77)

9.75 (8.7, 10.8)

5.22 (4.81, 5.63)

4.6 (3.94, 5.25)

2.39 (2.15, 2.64)

2.41 (1.76, 3.07)

3.49 (3.07, 3.91)

Urban

0.81 (0.72, 0.91)

1.85 (1.08, 2.62)

4.83 (3.79, 5.88)

5.47 (4.89, 6.06)

4.58 (3.29, 5.88)

2.47 (2.10, 2.83)

0.63 (0.40, 0.85)

4.01 (2.93, 5.08)

Rural

2.87 (2.71, 3.03)

5.12 (4.09, 6.14)

10.57 (9.36, 11.78)

4.89 (4.34, 5.44)

4.61 (3.86, 5.35)

2.31 (1.99, 2.63)

2.88 (2.06, 3.70)

3.30 (2.87, 3.73)

Age group (years)

        

15-29

0.95 (0.86, 1.05)

1.61 (1.07, 2.17)

2.78 (2.20, 3.35)

3.86 (3.34, 4.37)

1.09 (0.52, 1.66)

1.47 (1.20, 1.75)

0.95 (0.49, 1.42)

1.44 (1.11, 1.77)

30-39

3.07 (2.81, 3.32)

4.29 (3.31, 5.27)

13.80 (11.92, 15.67)

5.54 (4.74, 6.34)

4.69 (3.48, 5.89)

2.49 (2.06, 2.91)

3.30 (2.48, 4.12)

4.74 (3.88, 5.61)

40-49

4.62 (4.24, 5.00)

7.53 (5.89, 9.16)

26.11 (23.17, 29.05)

8.04 (7.02, 9.05)

10.4 (8.74, 12.08)

3.86 (3.32, 4.40)

4.92 (3.28, 6.56)

7.85 (6.65, 9.04)

Marital status

        

Married

2.60 (2.46, 2.74)

3.83 (3.13, 4.54)

11.77 (10.49, 13.05)

4.79 (4.13, 5.45)

3.91 (3.29, 4.53)

2.48 (2.21, 2.76)

2.89 (2.22, 3.56)

4.63 (4.03, 5.23)

Single*

1.00 (0.86, 1.14)

7.93 (3.95, 11.93)

3.41 (2.63, 4.19)

5.48 (4.96, 5.99)

11.69 (7.84, 15.54)

2.13 (1.75, 2.52)

1.65 (0.92, 2.38)

1.92 (1.52, 2.32)

Education

        

No education

4.37 (4.12, 4.62)

6.49 (5.35, 7.65)

20.18 (17.78, 22.58)

14.49 (9.63, 19.34)

10.16 (8.42, 11.91)

8.14 (5.46, 10.82)

8.60 (6.39, 10.82)

6.21 (5.32, 7.11)

primary

1.64 (1.41, 1.87)

1.27 (0.56, 1.99)

7.52 (5.97, 9.08)

8.08 (6.97, 9.20)

4.68 (3.53, 5.84)

2.59 (2.21, 2.96)

2.08 (1.44, 2.72)

3.92 (3.16, 4.69)

Secondary

0.44 (0.37, 0.51)

0.50 (0.18, 0.84)

1.09 (0.69, 1.48)

4.70 (4.12, 5.27)

1.22 (0.63, 1.82)

2.10 (1.80, 2.41)

0.06 (−0.0, 0.12

1.60 (1.22, 1.98)

Higher

0.23 (0.10, 0.35)

0.28 (0.04, 0.59)

0.27 (−0.02, 0.56)

3.89 (3.27, 4.50)

2.74 (−1.71, 7.21)

1.51 (0.95, 2.07)

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1.62 (0.09, 3.15)

Wealth index

        

Poorest

4.91 (4.50, 5.32)

8.77 (6.65, 10.88)

23.75 (20.90, 26.59)

6.93 (5.90, 7.95)

6.55 (5.05, 8.06)

3.89 (3.18, 4.61)

5.99 (4.09, 7.89)

4.10 (3.26, 4.95)

Poorer

3.45 (3.11, 3.79)

5.47 (3.94, 7.01)

12.56 (10.51, 14.61)

5.77 (4.76, 6.78)

5.18 (3.88, 6.48)

2.39 (1.88, 2.90)

3.64 (2.30, 4.98)

4.23 (3.28, 5.17)

Middle

1.97 (1.75, 2.19)

3.94 (2.89, 4.98)

7.74 (6.41, 9.07)

5.32 (4.33, 6.31)

3.89 (2.80, 4.98)

1.92 (1.51, 2.33)

2.02 (1.42, 2.62)

3.42 (2.63, 4.21)

Richer

0.92 (0.78, 1.07)

2.01 (1.07, 2.94)

5.56 (4.29, 6.84)

4.21 (3.44, 4.98)

3.73 (2.29, 5.18)

2.32 (1.76, 2.89)

1.01 (0.61, 1.41)

2.79 (2.11, 3.47)

Richest

0.42 (0.33, 0.50)

0.37 (0.13, 0.61)

2.78 (1.88, 3.67)

4.52 (3.72, 5.31)

3.89 (2.23, 5.55)

1.72 (1.28, 2.17)

0.21 (0.07, 0.35)

3.09 (2.11, 4.06)

Religion +

        

Hindu

2.28 (2.15, 2.40)

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9.46 (8.34, 10.58)

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Islam

2.27 (1.93, 2.60)

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Buddhist

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2.14 (1.48, 2.80)

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Roman catholic

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5.50 (5.02, 5.97)

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3.50 (3.07, 3.93)

Others

0.93 (0.74, 1.12)

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11.28 (8.86, 13.70)

4.11 (3.39, 4.83)

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12.14 (6.94, 17.34)

3.02 (1.03, 5.01)

 

Smokeless tobacco use (%)

 

India

Pakistan

Nepal

Philippines

Maldives

Indonesia

Cambodia

Timor Leste

Overall prevalence (%)

9.0 (8.8, 9.21)

2.44 (1.94, 2.96)

4.75 (3.8, 5.68)

0.32 (0.23, 0.41)

4.23 (3.46, 5.0)

0.41 (0.29, 0.52)

5.13 (4.52, 5.75)

1.93 (1.65, 2.2)

Urban

5.99 (5.71, 6.27)

2.07 (1.42, 2.72)

2.46 (1.60, 3.33)

0.12 (0.05, 0.20)

2.49 (0.99, 3.98)

0.16 (0.07, 0.24)

0.72 (0.35, 1.09)

1.65 (1.07, 2.23)

Rural

10.47 (10.20, 10.74)

2.64 (1.95, 3.33)

5.12 (4.03, 6.20)

0.55 (0.38, 0.73)

5.10 (4.19, 5.99)

0.67 (0.45, 0.88)

6.30 (5.53, 7.07)

2.02 (1.71, 2.33)

Age group (years)

        

15-29

5.19 (4.98, 5.40)

1.42 (0.89, 1.94)

2.03 (1.47, 2.59)

0.08 (0.02, 0.14)

0.16 (0.31, 0.96)

0.29 (0.16, 0.42)

0.86 (0.55, 1.17)

0.41 (0.26, 0.57)

30-39

12.42 (11.97, 12.88)

2.35 (1.69, 3.00)

6.48 (5.01, 7.96)

0.26 (0.11, 0.41)

4.01 (2.87, 5.14)

0.42 (0.27, 0.56)

5.82 (4.64, 7.01)

2.17 (1.66, 2.68)

40-49

15.33 (14.72, 15.93)

4.26 (3.11, 5.40)

10.82 (8.51, 13.12)

0.94 (0.60, 1.27)

10.63 (8.77, 12.50)

0.57 (0.40, 0.75)

14.33(12.67, 15.99)

6.00 (4.92, 7.07)

Marital status

        

Married

10.22 (9.97, 10.48)

2.36 (1.85, 2.87)

5.81 (4.66, 6.96)

0.09 (0.00, 0.17)

4.17 (3.39, 4.95)

0.41 (0.29, 0.54)

6.49 (5.61, 7.36)

2.66 (2.24, 3.07)

Single*

5.37 (5.06, 5.68)

4.33 (2.39, 6.28)

1.36 (0.84, 1.87)

0.46 (0.32, 0.59)

4.80 (2.70, 6.91)

0.38 (0.23, 0.52)

2.97 (2.48, 3.46)

0.92 (0.66, 1.17)

Education

        

No education

14.49 (14.09, 14.90)

3.56 (2.76, 4.36)

7.94 (6.29, 9.59)

5.66 (2.69, 8.64)

11.61 (9.63, 13.59)

2.26 (1.09, 3.44)

12.91 (10.94,14.87)

4.37 (3.65, 5.08)

Primary

10.63 (10.07, 11.20)

1.52 (0.83, 2.22)

6.13 (4.18, 8.07)

0.72 (0.42, 1.02)

4.04 (2.42, 5.67)

0.52 (0.36, 0.68)

5.78 (5.04, 6.52)

1.84 (1.33, 2.35)

Secondary

3.95 (3.73, 4.16)

0.93 (0.49, 1.38)

1.42 (0.97, 1.86)

0.16 (0.07, 0.25)

0.20 (0.00, 0.40)

0.29 (0.16, 0.42)

0.72 (0.44, 1.0)

0.49 (0.30, 0.69)

Higher

1.10 (0.87, 1.33)

0.10 (0.08, 0.27)

0.16 (−0.15, 0.47)

0.09 (−0.01, 0.19)

0.77 (−0.33, 1.88)

0.03 (−0.01, 0.08)

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Wealth index

        

Poorest

17.81 (17.14, 18.49)

4.64 (2.97, 6.31)

9.67 (6.27, 13.07)

1.19 (0.78, 1.60)

7.85 (6.04, 9.67)

1.29 (0.84, 1.73)

11.14 (9.53, 12.75)

3.66 (2.78, 4.55)

Poorer

11.99 (11.44, 12.53)

2.40 (1.50, 3.30)

6.22 (4.54, 7.90)

0.47 (0.21, 0.73)

5.54 (4.16, 6.93)

0.46 (0.21, 0.71)

7.46 (6.22, 8.71)

1.89 (1.33, 2.45)

Middle

8.60 (8.16, 9.04)

2.13 (1.29, 2.96)

4.29 (3.09, 5.49)

0.11 (−0.00, 0.24)

3.29 (2.30, 4.28)

0.28 (0.13, 0.43)

5.76 (4.76, 6.76)

1.80 (1.31, 2.30)

Richer

5.89 (5.54, 6.25)

2.34 (1.61, 3.07)

3.52 (2.47, 4.58)

0.10 (−0.04, 0.24)

2.74 (1.55, 3.91)

0.08 (−0.00, 0.17)

2.31 (1.54, 3.07)

1.56 (1.06, 2.07)

Richest

2.88 (2.64, 3.11)

0.88 (0.48, 1.29)

1.37 (0.91, 1.83)

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2.23 (−0.11, 4.59)

0.09 (0.00, 0.18)

0.60 (0.30, 0.90)

1.05 (0.60, 1.51)

Religion +

        

Hindu

8.96 (8.73, 9.18)

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4.37 (3.37, 5.36)

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Islam

9.34 (8.76, 9.92)

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Buddhist

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5.03 (4.41, 5.64)

 

Roman catholic

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0.27 (0.17, 0.37)

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1.94 (1.66, 2.22)

Others

8.86 (8.19, 9.53)

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6.70 (4.58, 8.81)

0.48 (0.26, 0.70)

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8.78 (3.25, 14.31)

1.08 (0.08, 2.07)

  1. Information about religion was not collected in these countries.
  2. *Includes never married, separated, and divorced.
  3. +For all countries except India (Hindu, Islam, and others), religion was grouped as main religion and others (for example Buddhist in Cambodia and Islam in Maldives, Indonesia, and Bangladesh).