Table 3 Selected modifiable determinants for IMR areas based on a bivariate and multivariable robust negative binomial ecological regression and including population attributable fractions (AF p ) as well as Shapley decomposition values, 1990-2011

No access to water

1.042 (1.036-1.049)

<0.001

1.007 (0.999-1.015)

0.079

0.106

Infants not immunized against DPT

1.032 (1.028-1.036)

<0.001

1.003 (1.000-1.007)

0.089

0.107

GDP per capita

0.999 (0.999-0.999)

<0.001

0.999 (0.999-0.999)

<0.001

0.038

No access to sanitation

1.025 (1.021-1.028)

<0.001

1.004 (1.000-1.008)

0.026

0.131

HIV prevalence (15–49 years)

1.077 (1.039-1.117)

<0.001

1.033 (1.022-1.044)

<0.001

0.024

Out-of-pocket health expenditure

1.019 (1.014-1.025)

<0.001

1.006 (1.003-1.009)

<0.001

0.038

Adolescent fertility rate

1.013 (1.011-1.015)

<0.001

1.001 (0.999-1.002)

0.231

0.109

Maternal mortality ratio

1.002 (1.002-1.002)

<0.001

1.000 (1.000-1.001)

0.001

0.224

Female education years

0.816 (0.797-0.836)

<0.001

0.947 (0.923-0.971)

<0.001

0.110

Constant (mean baseline IMR per 1000)

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21.9 (17.1-28.1)

<0.001

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