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Table 2 Exponentiated coefficients for health care outcomes, children aged birth through 17, United States, 1997–2013

From: Family structure and multiple domains of child well-being in the United States: a cross-sectional study

 

Barriers to health care

Health care utilization

 

Reasons for delaye

Routine place for carec

No Rx due to costc

No dental care due to costc

No well-child checkupc

Times ERd

 

Panel A: Reduced model a

 

Married couple

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

Cohabiting couple

1.58***

0.67***

1.97***

1.82***

1.22***

1.60***

 

(1.44,1.74)

(0.62,0.73)

(1.72,2.27)

(1.64,2.02)

(1.15,1.30)

(1.52,1.70)

Single mother

1.76***

0.83***

2.25***

1.86***

1.06**

1.70***

 

(1.67,1.86)

(0.78,0.88)

(2.07,2.45)

(1.75,1.99)

(1.02,1.10)

(1.63,1.77)

Single father

0.96

0.53***

1.38**

1.27**

1.43***

1.17**

 

(0.82,1.13)

(0.47,0.60)

(1.10,1.73)

(1.10,1.48)

(1.31,1.56)

(1.06,1.28)

Extended married couple

1.28***

0.87*

1.63***

1.40***

1.08

1.23***

 

(1.14,1.43)

(0.76,0.98)

(1.35,1.98)

(1.17,1.67)

(0.99,1.17)

(1.13,1.34)

Extended cohabiting couple

1.78***

0.72*

2.71***

2.62***

1.30*

1.83***

 

(1.33,2.40)

(0.54,0.97)

(1.79,4.12)

(1.81,3.79)

(1.01,1.67)

(1.48,2.27)

Extended single mother

1.58***

0.85**

2.21***

1.38***

1.05

1.73***

 

(1.43,1.75)

(0.76,0.95)

(1.91,2.57)

(1.21,1.58)

(0.97,1.13)

(1.62,1.86)

Extended single father

0.94

0.59***

1.89***

1.46**

1.23*

1.44***

 

(0.72,1.22)

(0.48,0.72)

(1.33,2.70)

(1.10,1.93)

(1.05,1.44)

(1.23,1.67)

Skipped generation

1.19*

0.76***

0.98

1.03

1.13*

1.49***

 

(1.01,1.40)

(0.66,0.88)

(0.76,1.26)

(0.84,1.25)

(1.03,1.26)

(1.33,1.67)

 

Panel B: Full model b

 

Married couple

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

Cohabiting couple

1.30***

0.87***

1.33***

1.30***

1.02

1.32***

 

(1.18,1.43)

(0.80,0.94)

(1.16,1.53)

(1.17,1.45)

(0.96,1.09)

(1.25,1.40)

Single mother

1.30***

1.23***

1.23***

1.13**

0.83***

1.31***

 

(1.22,1.38)

(1.15,1.31)

(1.13,1.35)

(1.05,1.21)

(0.79,0.87)

(1.26,1.37)

Single father

0.84*

0.68***

0.97

0.94

1.18***

1.00

 

(0.71,0.99)

(0.60,0.77)

(0.77,1.23)

(0.81,1.10)

(1.08,1.28)

(0.91,1.11)

Extended married couple

1.25***

0.84**

1.66***

1.41***

1.07

1.21***

 

(1.12,1.40)

(0.74,0.96)

(1.37,2.02)

(1.18,1.69)

(0.98,1.17)

(1.11,1.32)

Extended cohabiting couple

1.62**

0.83

2.23***

2.22***

1.13

1.62***

 

(1.21,2.16)

(0.61,1.11)

(1.47,3.39)

(1.53,3.22)

(0.88,1.45)

(1.31,2.01)

Extended single mother

1.35***

1.01

1.64***

1.06

0.91*

1.50***

 

(1.22,1.50)

(0.90,1.13)

(1.41,1.91)

(0.92,1.22)

(0.84,0.99)

(1.40,1.61)

Extended single father

0.81

0.72**

1.38

1.10

1.02

1.24**

 

(0.61,1.08)

(0.59,0.89)

(0.96,1.97)

(0.83,1.46)

(0.87,1.20)

(1.06,1.44)

Skipped generation

0.90

1.09

0.62***

0.72**

0.86**

1.22**

 

(0.76,1.06)

(0.94,1.27)

(0.48,0.81)

(0.59,0.88)

(0.77,0.95)

(1.08,1.37)

N (unweighted)

198,894

198,894

198,894

174,723

198,894

198,894

  1. *P < 0.05; ** < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 (2-tailed tests).
  2. aThe models in Panel A adjust for children’s characteristics.
  3. bThe models in Panel B adjust for family SES in addition to the covariates included in the models in Panel A. The models in Panel B fit better than the respective models in Panel A at the P < 0.001 level in all cases.
  4. cThis column presents odds ratios from a logistic regression model.
  5. dThis column presents odds ratios from an ordered logistic regression model.
  6. eThis column presents incidence rate ratios from a negative binomial regression model.
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Population Health Metrics

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