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Table 3 Exponentiated coefficients for health, schooling, and cognitive outcomes, children aged birth through 17, United States, 1997–2013

From: Family structure and multiple domains of child well-being in the United States: a cross-sectional study

 

Health outcomes

Schooling and cognitive outcomes

 

Global healthd

Headachec

Activity limitationc

Coldc

Ear infectionc

Requiried Rx for 3+ mos.c

Asthma severityd

Anemiac

School days missede

Learning disabilityc

ADD/ADHDc

 

Panel A: Reduced model a

 

Married couple

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

Cohabiting couple

1.52***

1.55***

1.51***

1.05

1.20***

1.18***

1.31***

1.43***

1.23***

1.78***

1.93***

 

(1.44,1.59)

(1.38,1.74)

(1.37,1.66)

(0.98,1.13)

(1.08,1.33)

(1.09,1.28)

(1.21,1.43)

(1.16,1.76)

(1.11,1.35)

(1.58,2.01)

(1.72,2.16)

Single mother

1.54***

1.57***

1.82***

1.20***

1.43***

1.42***

1.50***

1.64***

1.48***

1.76***

1.74***

 

(1.49,1.59)

(1.47,1.68)

(1.72,1.92)

(1.15,1.26)

(1.34,1.53)

(1.35,1.48)

(1.44,1.57)

(1.42,1.89)

(1.40,1.57)

(1.65,1.88)

(1.63,1.85)

Single father

1.11**

0.89

1.12

0.85**

0.85

0.72***

0.91

0.70

0.96

1.26**

1.31***

 

(1.03,1.19)

(0.76,1.06)

(0.98,1.29)

(0.75,0.96)

(0.68,1.08)

(0.64,0.80)

(0.81,1.02)

(0.45,1.10)

(0.87,1.05)

(1.08,1.47)

(1.15,1.51)

Extended married couple

1.36***

1.24*

1.25**

1.03

1.11

1.11

1.15*

1.32*

1.36**

1.33**

1.36**

 

(1.26,1.45)

(1.04,1.48)

(1.08,1.43)

(0.94,1.14)

(0.96,1.27)

(0.98,1.25)

(1.02,1.29)

(1.01,1.72)

(1.12,1.64)

(1.09,1.63)

(1.10,1.68)

Extended cohabiting couple

1.58***

1.54

1.70**

0.89

1.25

0.92

1.30

1.61

1.43

2.40***

1.97*

 

(1.31,1.90)

(0.86,2.74)

(1.14,2.53)

(0.70,1.14)

(0.89,1.76)

(0.63,1.35)

(0.95,1.77)

(0.75,3.47)

(0.96,2.13)

(1.51,3.81)

(1.13,3.45)

Extended single mother

1.85***

1.82***

1.52***

1.19***

1.36***

1.35***

1.60***

1.39**

1.59***

1.66***

1.54***

 

(1.74,1.96)

(1.57,2.10)

(1.34,1.72)

(1.10,1.29)

(1.22,1.51)

(1.24,1.49)

(1.46,1.76)

(1.14,1.71)

(1.40,1.81)

(1.44,1.92)

(1.34,1.77)

Extended single father

1.85***

1.41*

1.46**

1.10

1.20

1.03

1.14

1.50

1.08

1.43**

1.74***

 

(1.60,2.13)

(1.07,1.85)

(1.14,1.87)

(0.91,1.33)

(0.91,1.59)

(0.84,1.27)

(0.93,1.41)

(0.86,2.61)

(0.91,1.28)

(1.09,1.87)

(1.34,2.27)

Skipped generation

1.85***

1.39***

2.03***

1.13

1.33**

1.52***

1.48***

1.37

1.34***

2.16***

2.32***

 

(1.68,2.04)

(1.17,1.65)

(1.75,2.35)

(1.00,1.29)

(1.10,1.60)

(1.34,1.73)

(1.32,1.66)

(0.95,1.98)

(1.18,1.52)

(1.82,2.55)

(1.99,2.70)

 

Panel B: Full model b

 

Married couple

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

Cohabiting couple

1.14***

1.26***

1.25***

1.04

1.10

1.15**

1.19***

1.13

1.09

1.43***

1.61***

 

(1.08,1.20)

(1.12,1.42)

(1.13,1.38)

(0.97,1.12)

(0.98,1.22)

(1.05,1.24)

(1.09,1.29)

(0.91,1.40)

(0.97,1.22)

(1.26,1.63)

(1.42,1.81)

Single mother

1.02

1.15***

1.36***

1.16***

1.26***

1.31***

1.32***

1.16

1.20***

1.26***

1.38***

 

(0.98,1.05)

(1.07,1.25)

(1.28,1.45)

(1.10,1.22)

(1.17,1.36)

(1.25,1.38)

(1.25,1.38)

(0.99,1.37)

(1.12,1.28)

(1.18,1.36)

(1.28,1.48)

Single father

0.85***

0.75**

0.97

0.84**

0.79*

0.72***

0.85**

0.59*

0.87**

1.05

1.16*

 

(0.79,0.91)

(0.64,0.89)

(0.85,1.12)

(0.75,0.95)

(0.63,0.99)

(0.64,0.81)

(0.76,0.96)

(0.38,0.93)

(0.80,0.96)

(0.89,1.22)

(1.01,1.34)

Extended married couple

1.32***

1.16

1.12

1.03

1.09

1.04

1.12

1.28

1.27*

1.18

1.23

 

(1.23,1.41)

(0.97,1.39)

(0.97,1.29)

(0.93,1.14)

(0.95,1.25)

(0.92,1.18)

(0.99,1.25)

(0.98,1.68)

(1.06,1.53)

(0.97,1.44)

(1.00,1.52)

Extended cohabiting couple

1.26*

1.28

1.39

0.89

1.17

0.88

1.20

1.38

1.27

1.88**

1.63

 

(1.05,1.52)

(0.71,2.29)

(0.93,2.06)

(0.69,1.14)

(0.83,1.64)

(0.60,1.29)

(0.88,1.65)

(0.64,2.98)

(0.82,1.96)

(1.18,2.99)

(0.93,2.86)

Extended single mother

1.45***

1.43***

1.17*

1.16***

1.26***

1.23***

1.46***

1.14

1.33***

1.22**

1.24**

 

(1.36,1.53)

(1.24,1.66)

(1.03,1.33)

(1.07,1.26)

(1.13,1.40)

(1.12,1.36)

(1.33,1.60)

(0.92,1.40)

(1.16,1.51)

(1.06,1.42)

(1.07,1.43)

Extended single father

1.38***

1.07

1.08

1.08

1.10

0.94

1.04

1.20

0.89

0.99

1.38*

 

(1.19,1.59)

(0.82,1.42)

(0.84,1.40)

(0.89,1.31)

(0.84,1.46)

(0.77,1.16)

(0.84,1.28)

(0.69,2.11)

(0.75,1.06)

(0.76,1.30)

(1.06,1.79)

Skipped generation

1.19***

0.99

1.40***

1.10

1.17

1.38***

1.33***

0.99

1.02

1.37***

1.78***

 

(1.08,1.31)

(0.83,1.18)

(1.20,1.63)

(0.97,1.25)

(0.97,1.42)

(1.21,1.58)

(1.18,1.50)

(0.67,1.45)

(0.90,1.16)

(1.15,1.64)

(1.51,2.09)

N (unweighted)

198,894

162,853

198,894

171,892

198,894

198,894

198,894

198,894

129,687

129,687

129,687

  1. *P < 0.05; ** < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 (2-tailed tests).
  2. aThe models in Panel A adjust for children’s demographic characteristics. All of the models, except for the model for the number of school days missed, also adjust for whether the child had a checkup in the past year.
  3. bThe models in Panel B adjust for family SES in addition to the covariates included in the models in Panel A. The models in Panel B fit better than the respective models in Panel A at the P < 0.001 level in all cases.
  4. cThis column presents odds ratios from a logistic regression model.
  5. dThis column presents odds ratios from an ordered logistic regression model.
  6. eThis column presents incidence rate ratios from a negative binomial regression model.
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Population Health Metrics

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