From: Erosion of the healthy soldier effect in veterans of US military service in Iraq and Afghanistan
Variable | VA Total population (N=899,737) | p-value | Crude mortality rate per 1,000 | VA Utilizers (N=765,029) | p-value | Crude mortality rate per 1,000 | VA Non-Utilizers (N=134,708) | p-value | Crude mortality rate per 1,000 | Department of Defense (DOD) (N=4,614,304) | p-value | Crude mortality rate per 1,000 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alive | Deceased | Alive | Deceased | Alive | Deceased | Alive | Deceased | |||||||||
All | 895,489 | 4,248 | Â | 4.72 | 760,974 | 4055 | Â | 5.30 | 134,515 | 193 | Â | 1.43 | 4,603,914 | 10,390 | Â | 2.26 |
Age | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â |
<24 | 497,304 | 2,028 | Â | 4.06 | 419,295 | 1,931 | Â | 4.58 | 78,009 | 97 | Â | 1.24 | 2,729,717 | 5,858 | Â | 2.14 |
25-29 | 100,402 | 437 | Â | 4.33 | 85,444 | 422 | Â | 4.91 | 14,958 | 15 | Â | 1.00 | 600,746 | 1,381 | Â | 2.29 |
30-39 | 197,667 | 912 | Â | 4.59 | 168,980 | 865 | Â | 5.09 | 28,687 | 47 | Â | 1.64 | 839,907 | 1,995 | Â | 2.37 |
40-72 | 100,116 | 871 | Â | 8.62 | 87,255 | 837 | Â | 9.50 | 12,861 | 34 | Â | 2.64 | 431,492 | 1,151 | Â | 2.66 |
Missing | - | - | Â | Â | - | - | Â | - | - | - | Â | - | 2,052 | 5 | Â | 2.43 |
Mean Age 2011 | 34.2 (9.6) | 37.2 (11.3) | <0.0001 | Â | 34.4 (9.5) | 37.2 (11.2) | <0.0001 | - | 33.1 (9.7) | 35.6 (12.0) | <0.0001 | - | 27.2 | 28.0 | Â | - |
Sex | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â | Â | Â | <0.01 | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â |
Female | 106,073 | 227 | Â | 2.14 | 92,700 | 219 | Â | 2.36 | 13,373 | 8 | Â | 0.60 | 776,073 | 790 | Â | 1.02 |
Male | 789,416 | 4,021 | Â | 5.07 | 668,274 | 3,836 | Â | 5.71 | 121,142 | 185 | Â | 1.52 | 3,827,798 | 9,600 | Â | 2.50 |
Missing | - | - | Â | Â | - | - | Â | Â | - | - | Â | Â | 43 | - | Â | - |
Race 1 | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â | Â | Â | 0.73 | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â |
Hispanic | 95,779 | 321 | Â | 3.34 | 84,522 | 308 | Â | 3.63 | 11,257 | 13 | Â | 1.15 | 397,157 | 785 | Â | 1.97 |
White, Non-Hispanic | 544,167 | 2,795 | Â | 5.11 | 463,072 | 2,673 | Â | 5.74 | 81,095 | 112 | Â | 1.38 | 3,428,740 | 7,741 | Â | 2.25 |
Black, Non-Hispanic | 121,958 | 547 | Â | 4.47 | 108,985 | 528 | Â | 4.82 | 12,973 | 19 | Â | 1.46 | 779,664 | 1,883 | Â | 2.41 |
Other, Non-Hispanic | 35,661 | 139 | Â | 3.88 | 30,529 | 131 | Â | 4.27 | 5,132 | 8 | Â | 1.56 | 189,618 | 316 | Â | 1.66 |
Unknown | 97,924 | 456 | Â | 4.64 | 73,866 | 415 | Â | 5.59 | 24,058 | 41 | Â | 1.70 | 205,892 | 450 | Â | 2.18 |
Marital Status | Â | Â | 0.41 | Â | Â | Â | 0.54 | Â | Â | Â | 0.66 | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â |
Married | 399,569 | 1,920 | Â | 4.78 | 341,560 | 1,840 | Â | 5.36 | 58,009 | 80 | Â | 1.38 | 1,507,356 | 3,659 | Â | 2.42 |
Not Married | 495,767 | 2,328 | Â | 4.67 | 419,356 | 2,215 | Â | 5.25 | 76,411 | 113 | Â | 1.48 | 3,085,428 | 6,712 | Â | 2.17 |
Missing | 153 | - | Â | - | 58 | - | Â | - | 95 | - | Â | - | 11,130 | 19 | Â | 1.70 |
Education | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â | Â | Â | 0.09 | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â |
< High School | 13,798 | 64 | Â | 4.62 | 10,535 | 59 | Â | 5.57 | 3,263 | 5 | Â | 1.53 | 34,401 | 102 | Â | 2.96 |
High School | 661,503 | 3,324 | Â | 5.00 | 569,628 | 3,176 | Â | 5.54 | 91,875 | 148 | Â | 1.61 | 3,214,570 | 8,243 | Â | 2.56 |
> High School | 208,402 | 801 | Â | 3.83 | 170,976 | 761 | Â | 4.43 | 37,426 | 40 | Â | 1.07 | 1,271,707 | 1,773 | Â | 1.39 |
Missing | 11,786 | 59 | Â | 4.98 | 9,835 | 59 | Â | 5.96 | 1,951 | - | Â | - | 83,236 | 272 | Â | 3.26 |
Rank | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â |
Enlisted | 807,933 | 3,972 | Â | 4.89 | 691,594 | 3,791 | Â | 5.45 | 116,339 | 181 | Â | 1.55 | 4,041,920 | 9,397 | Â | 2.32 |
Officer | 77,946 | 239 | Â | 3.06 | 61,304 | 228 | Â | 3.71 | 16,642 | 11 | Â | 0.66 | 516,754 | 890 | Â | 1.72 |
Warrant Officer | 9,610 | 37 | Â | 3.84 | 8,076 | 36 | Â | 4.44 | 1,534 | 1 | Â | 0.65 | 45,240 | 103 | Â | 2.27 |
Component of Service | Â | Â | <0.01 | Â | Â | Â | <0.01 | Â | Â | Â | 0.02 | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â |
Active Duty | 475,942 | 2,362 | Â | 4.94 | 432,328 | 2,290 | Â | 5.27 | 43,614 | 72 | Â | 1.65 | 2,917,552 | 8,228 | Â | 2.81 |
Reserve | 160,752 | 675 | Â | 4.18 | 124,747 | 640 | Â | 5.10 | 36,005 | 35 | Â | 0.97 | 776,676 | 946 | Â | 1.22 |
National Guard | 258,795 | 1,211 | Â | 4.66 | 203,899 | 1,125 | Â | 5.49 | 54,896 | 86 | Â | 1.56 | 909,686 | 1,216 | Â | 1.33 |
Branch of Service | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â | Â | Â | <0.01 | Â | Â | Â | 0.93 | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â |
Army | 550,546 | 2,721 | Â | 4.92 | 464,287 | 2,594 | Â | 5.56 | 86,259 | 127 | Â | 1.47 | 2,252,081 | 5,103 | Â | 2.26 |
Air Force | 112,082 | 491 | Â | 4.36 | 95,141 | 467 | Â | 4.88 | 16,941 | 24 | Â | 1.41 | 931,130 | 1,738 | Â | 1.86 |
Marines | 115,876 | 517 | Â | 4.44 | 101,593 | 496 | Â | 4.86 | 14,283 | 21 | Â | 1.47 | 559,467 | 1,493 | Â | 2.66 |
Coast Guard | 1,103 | 3 | Â | 2.71 | - | - | Â | - | - | - | Â | - | - | - | Â | - |
Navy | 115,885 | 516 | Â | 4.43 | 99,135 | 495 | Â | 4.97 | 16,750 | 21 | Â | 1.25 | 861,236 | 2,056 | Â | 2.38 |