From: Salt intakes in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-regression
 |  | Men |  |  | Women |  |  | Both |  |  |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study | Population | n | Mean | S.D. | n | Mean | S.D. | n | Mean | S.D. |
Benin | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Melse-Boonstra et al, 1998 [19] | Rural | - | - | - | 13 | 3.29 | 1.10 | - | - | - |
Botswana | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Truswell et al, 1972 [20] | Rural (1967) | 6 | 0.71 | N/S | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 Truswell et al, 1972 [20] | Rural (1968) | 4 | 0.67 | N/S | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Cameroon | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Cooper et al, 1997 [21] | Rural | - | - | - | - | - | - | N/S | 2.03 | 1.10 |
 Cooper et al, 1997 [21] | Urban | - | - | - | - | - | - | N/S | 1.25 | 0.69 |
Cote d’Ivoire |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Hess et al, 1999 [22] | Rural | - | - | - | - | - | - | 51 | 2.90 | 1.90 |
 Hess et al, 1999 [22] | Urban | - | - | - | - | - | - | 52 | 3.00 | 1.30 |
Ghana | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Kunutsor and Powles, 2009 [23] | Rural | - | - | - | - | - | - | 78 | 5.20 | N/S |
Rural | - | - | - | - | - | - | 481 | 2.28 | 1.03 | |
Semi-Urban | - | - | - | - | - | - | 532 | 2.37 | 1.03 | |
 Badoe and Osafo, 1971 [27] | Urban | - | - | - | - | - | - | 131 | 2.62 | N/S |
Kenya | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Carvalho et al, 1989 [28] | Rural | 90 | 1.39 | 0.84 | 86 | 1.23 | 0.65 | - | - | - |
 Poulter et al, 1985 [29] | Rural Luo | 126 | 0.71 | 0.30 | 78 | 0.80 | 0.53 | - | - | - |
 Poulter et al, 1985 [29] | Migrant Luo | 78 | 1.15 | 0.55 | 61 | 1.08 | 0.51 | - | - | - |
Malawi | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Simmons et al, 1986 [30] | Urban | - | - | - | - | - | - | 123 | 1.65 | 0.98 |
 Simmons et al, 1986 [30] | Rural | - | - | - | - | - | - | 78 | 0.86 | 0.71 |
Nigeria | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Tayo et al, 2012 [31] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 804 | 2.85 | 1.26 |
 Ijarotimi and Keshinro, 2008 [32] | - | 203 | 10.23 | 3.42 | 249 | 10.34 | 2.37 | - | - | - |
 Forrester et al, 2005 [33] | Rural | - | - | - | - | - | - | 58 | 2.14 | 1.21 |
 Kaufman et al, 1999 [35]; Cooper et al, 1997 [21]; Kaufman et al, 1996 [36] | Rural farmers (45+) | 53 | 2.55 | 1.30 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 Kaufman et al, 1999 [35]; Cooper et al, 1997 [21]; Kaufman et al, 1996 [36] | Urban Poor (45+) | 73 | 2.54 | 1.16 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 Kaufman et al, 1999 [35]; Cooper et al, 1997 [21]; Kaufman et al, 1996 [36] | Urban Salaried (45+) | 18 | 2.72 | 1.34 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 Kaufman et al, 1999 [35]; Cooper et al, 1997 [21]; Kaufman et al, 1996 [36] | Combined (45+) | 144 | 2.57 | 1.23 | 178 | 2.50 | 1.38 | 322 | 2.53 | 1.31 |
 Kaufman et al, 1999 [35]; Cooper et al, 1997 [21]; Kaufman et al, 1996 [36] | Combined (25–74) | - | - | - | - | - | - | N/S | 2.79 | 1.75 |
 Bunker et al, 1996 [37] | Urban | 378 | 2.63 | 1.82 | 59 | 2.21 | 1.50 | - | - | - |
 Smith, 1988 [34] | Urban | 7 | 4.01 | 0.49 | 9 | 4.30 | 0.89 | 16 | 4.18 | 0.53 |
South Africa | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Kolahdooz et al, 2013 [39] | Rural | 51 | 2.08 | 1.41 | 84 | 2.20 | 0.80 | - | - | - |
 Maseko et al, 2006 [40]; Millen et al, 2013 [41]; Redelinghuys et al, 2010 [42] | Urban | - | - | - | - | - | - | 635 | 2.42 | 1.68 |
 Charlton et al, 2013 [43]; Charlton et al, 2008 [44]; Charlton et al, 2005 [45]; Charlton et al, 2005 [46] | Urban White | - | - | - | - | - | - | 103 | 3.79 | 2.09 |
 Charlton et al, 2013 [43]; Charlton et al, 2008 [44]; Charlton et al, 2005 [45]; Charlton et al, 2005 [46] | Urban Mixed | - | - | - | - | - | - | 112 | 3.39 | 1.69 |
 Charlton et al, 2013 [43]; Charlton et al, 2008 [44]; Charlton et al, 2005 [45]; Charlton et al, 2005 [46] | Urban Black | - | - | - | - | - | - | 110 | 3.11 | 1.15 |
 Barlow et al, 1985 [48] | Urban White | 11 | 3.83 | 1.21 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 Barlow et al, 1985 [48] | Urban Black | 10 | 3.23 | 0.96 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 Hoosen et al, 1985 [47] | Urban Zulus | - | - | - | - | - | - | N/S | 4.41 | N/S |
 Hoosen et al, 1985 [47] | Rural Zulus | - | - | - | - | - | - | N/S | 4.19 | N/S |
 Hoosen et al, 1985 [47] | Urban Indians | - | - | - | - | - | - | N/S | 2.76 | N/S |
 Cohen et al, 1982 [50] | Urban White | - | - | - | - | - | - | 17 | 3.84 | 1.70 |
 Cohen et al, 1982 [50] | Urban Black | - | - | - | - | - | - | 19 | 3.10 | 1.22 |
 Barlow et al, 1982 [49] | Urban White | 34 | 3.83 | 1.44 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 Barlow et al, 1982 [49] | Urban Black | 71 | 2.91 | 1.27 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 Sever et al, 1980 [51] | Urban | N/S | 5.52 | 1.31 | N/S | 5.52 | 1.72 | 15 | 5.52 | 1.52 |
 Sever et al, 1980 [51] | Rural | N/S | 3.95 | 0.74 | N/S | 3.63 | 1.84 | 15 | 3.72 | 1.59 |
Tanzania | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Hamada et al, 2010 [53] | Urban | 74 | 2.38 | 1.17 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 Njelekela, 2001 [54] | Urban | 81 | 5.20 | 24.80 | 79 | 4.90 | 2.70 | - | - | - |
 Njelekela, 2001 [54] | Rural | 93 | 3.10 | 1.80 | 91 | 3.00 | 1.80 | - | - | - |
 Njelekela, 2001 [54] | Semi-Nomadic | 41 | 3.60 | 3.00 | 61 | 3.70 | 2.30 | - | - | - |
 Mtabaji et al, 1990 [55] | Urban | 103 | 5.60 | 3.40 | 87 | 5.40 | 4.80 | - | - | - |
 Mtabaji et al, 1990 [55] | Rural | 88 | 4.90 | 2.70 | 96 | 4.20 | 2.40 | - | - | - |
 Mtabaji et al, 1990 [55] | Semi-Nomadic | 58 | 2.50 | 2.30 | 64 | 2.90 | 2.00 | - | - | - |
Tanzania and Uganda | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Pavan et al, 1997 [56] | Rural |  |  |  |  |  |  | 370 | 1.6 | - |
The Democratic Republic of the Congo | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 M’Buyamba-Kabangu et al, 1986 [57]; M’Buyamba-Kabangy et al, 1986 [58] | Urban | 144 | 2.02 | N/S | 169 | 1.98 | N/S | 313 | 2.00 | 1.17 |
Zimbabwe | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Mufunda et al, 1992 [60] | Urban | - | - | - | - | - | - | 55 | 4.60 | 1.53 |