Current tobacco use and its associated factors among adults in a country with comprehensive ban on tobacco: findings from the nationally representative STEPS survey, Bhutan, 2014

Table 3 Factors associated with current smokeless tobacco use among adult Bhutanese aged 18–69 years, STEPS Survey, 2014

Characteristics	Total	Current Smokeless Tobacco user (%)^a	PR (95 % CI)^a	Adjusted PR (95 % CI)^a
Total	2820	19.7	-	-
Age groups
18–24	281	16.6	0.9 (0.9–1.0)	1.8 (1.4–2.5)
25–34	762	20.8	1.2 (1.1–1.2)	1.5 (1.2–1.8)
35–44	751	22.2	1.3 (1.2–1.3)	1.2* (0.9–1.5)
45–54	572	17.8	Ref	Ref
55–69	456	17.2	1.0 (0.9–1.0)	0.9* (0.6–1.2)
Gender
Male	1074	26.5	2.4 (2.4–2.5)	2.7 (2.1–3.4)
Female	1748	11.0	Ref	Ref
Highest level of education
Secondary	421	15.2	0.8 (0.8–0.8)	0.9 (0.7–1.1)
Primary	632	25.5	1.4 (1.4–1.4)	1.3* (1.1–1.5)
No formal schooling	1766	18.5	Ref	Ref
Marital status
Never married	225	16.5	0.8 (0.7–0.8)	0.5 (0.3–0.7)
Married/co-habiting	2278	19.9	0.9 (0.9–0.9)	0.8* (0.6–1.1)
Separated/widowed/divorced	317	22.2	Ref	Ref
Alcohol use
Yes	1,360	27.1	2.2 (2.2–2.2)	2.2 (1.9–2.7)
No	1,459	12.3	Ref	Ref
Exposure to tobacco warnings in general
Yes	2201	18.5	0.8 (0.7–0.8)	0.8 (0.7–0.9)
No	619	24.6	Ref	Ref
Family history of NCDs^b
Yes	1247	21.1	1.1 (1.1–1.2)	1.2 (1.1–1.4)
No	1572	18.6	Ref	Ref
Physical activity^c
Yes	2417	9.7	Ref	Ref
No	402	21.3	0.5 (0.4–0.5)	0.6 (0.4–0.8)

Only significant variables in the multivariate model are shown in table, other variables included in the analysis were history of NCDs, place of residence (rural vs. urban), occupation, and advice by health workers
^aWeighted analysis, PR- unadjusted prevalence ratio, NCD- Non-communicable diseases
^bBlood family members (sibling, parent, grandparent, aunt or uncle) been diagnosed with following; diabetes or raised blood sugar, raised blood pressure, stroke, cancer or malignant tumor, raised cholesterol, early heart attack (below age 50 for men and below age 55 for women), asthma or chronic lung disease (COPD) or kidney disease
^cWork involves vigorous/moderate-intensity activity that causes large increases in breathing or heart rate
*Not significant at P-value <0.05