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Table 1 Results of simulations using disease models X1 and X 2, comparing the estimated disease burden between no-heterogeneity and heterogeneity variants. Results indicate the total burden for individuals acutely infected in simulation year 1, with 95% quantile intervals

From: The impact of individual-level heterogeneity on estimated infectious disease burden: a simulation study

Disease model [–Variant]

YLD

YLL (95% interval)

DALY (95% interval)

Overestimation of DALY (95% interval)

X 1 (3 health outcomes, 4 broad age-groups specified for transition from chronic infection to death)

  – No heterogeneity

75

1243

1318

1.16 (1.11–1.22)

  – Heterogeneitya

75

1060 (1007–1117)

1135 (1082–1192

X 2 (4 health outcomes)

  – No heterogeneity

10750

10210 (9380–11090)

20960 (20140–21740)

1.04 (1.01–1.08)

  – Heterogeneityb

11010

9074 (8411–9887)

20090 (19440–20780)

  1. Note: aGamma distributions, with mean increasing with age. bAge-independent, sampled from Gamma(1,1). Overestimation of DALY is with respect to heterogeneity model variant