Table 1 Background characteristics of study population

 Rural (Karonga)

13,867

5,841(52.9)

8,026(45.0)

 Urban (Lilongwe)

15,012

5,211(47.1)

9,801(55.0)

 18–24

8,169

3,299(29.9)

4,870(27.3)

 25–34

8,947

3,023(27.4)

5,915(33.2)

 35–44

5,385

2,133(19.3)

3,252(18.2)

 45–54

2,900

1,153(10.4)

1,747(9.8)

 55–64

1,722

681(6.2)

1,041(5.8)

  > 65

1,756

754(6.8)

1,002(5.6)

 Never smoker

26,868

9,127(82.6)

17,741(99.5)

 Past smoker

712

664(6.0)

48(0.3)

 Current smoker

1,299

1,261(11.4)

38(0.2)

 None

23,589

6,662(60.3)

16,927(94.9)

 Light/irregular

4,052

3,236(29.3)

816(4.6)

 Moderate/heavy

1,238

1,154(10.4)

84(0.5)

 No formal/illiterate

2,666

509(4.6)

2,156(12.1)

 Standard

11,238

3,739(33.8)

7,499(42.1)

 Secondary

12,350

5,503(49.8)

6,847(38.4)

 Tertiary

2,625

1,301(11.8)

1,324(7.4)

 Unemployed

10,941

3,101(28.1)

7,840(44.0)

 Farming/Fishing

8,710

3,390(30.7)

5,320(29.8)

 Self-employed

4,696

1,910(17.3)

2,786(15.6)

 Salaried worker

4,532

2,651(24.0)

1,881(10.6)

 1^st (lowest)

5,277

1,954(17.7)

3,323(18.6)

 2^nd

6,219

2,497(22.6)

3,722(20.9)

 3^rd

5,531

2,090(18.9)

3,441(19.3)

 4^th

6,658

2,502(22.6)

4,156(23.3)

 5^th (highest)

4,957

1,911(17.3)

3,046(17.1)

 No

25,973

10,104(91.6)

15,869(94.6)

 Yes

1,840

931(8.4)

909(5.4)

 Negative

18, 673

7,067(63.9)

11,606(65.0)

 HIV+

792

247(2.2)

545(3.1)

 HIV+ on ART

1,562

443(4.0)

1,119(6.3)

 Unknown

7,852

3,295(29.8)

4,557(25.6)

 No

16,817

16,817(94.3)

 Yes

1,010

1,010(5.7)

 None

2,335

2,335(13.1)

 1–2

5,310

5,310(29.8)

 3–5

6,175

6,175(34.7)

  ≥ 6

3,981

3,981(22.4)