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Table 1 Measurements, data sources, theoretical minimum-risk exposure distributions (TMRED), and corresponding disease outcome. The numbers for alternative exposure distribution represent mean and standard deviation

From: Adult mortality of diseases and injuries attributable to selected metabolic, lifestyle, environmental, and infectious risk factors in Taiwan: a comparative risk assessment

Risk factor Exposure Metric TMRED Data Source Disease Outcome
High blood pressure Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 115 (6) TW3H 2007 IHD, stroke, hypertensive heart diseases, other cardiovascular diseasesa
High total cholesterol Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 147 (23.2) TW3H 2007 IHD, ischemic stroke
High blood glucose Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) 88.2 (5.4) TW3H 2007 IHD, stroke, diabetes mellitus, CKD
Overweight/obesity Body mass index (kg/m2) 21 (1) NHIS 2009 IHD; ischemic stroke; hypertensive heart disease; other cardiovascular diseasesa; breast, colon, and kidney cancers; diabetes mellitus
Sodium intake Daily intake (g/d) 0.5 (0.05) NAHSIT 2013 IHD, stroke, hypertensive heart diseases, other cardiovascular diseasesa
Fruit and vegetable intake Daily intake (g/d) 600 (50) NAHSIT 2013 IHD; ischemic stroke; colorectal, stomach, lung, oral, esophageal cancers
Tobacco smoking Smoking Impact Ratio No smoking NHIS 2001, NHIS 2005, and Civil Servant cohorts IHD; stroke; other cardiovascular diseases; cancers of lung and selected other sites (see Additional file 1 for details); CKD; COPD
Alcohol use Current alcohol use status No alcohol use NHIS 2009 IHD; ischemic stroke; hemorrhagic stroke; hypertensive heart diseases; cancers of mouth, esophagus, breast, liver, and selected other sites (see Additional file 1 for details); diabetes mellitus; chronic liver disease; alcohol abuse; road traffic injuries; suicide
Betel nut use Current betel nut use status No betel nut use NHIS 2009 Oral, esophagus, and larynx cancers
Physical inactivity Intensity of physical activity Have intense physical activity NHIS 2009 IHD, ischemic stroke, breast and colon cancers, diabetes mellitus
Ambient particulate matter pollution PM 2.5 (μg/m3) 7.5 (0.75) TAQMN 2009 IHD, stroke, lung cancer, COPD
Hepatitis B virus Seropositivity for hepatitis B surface antigen No infection TW3H 2007 Liver cancer, chronic liver disease
Hepatitis C virus Seropositivity for antibody to hepatitis C No infection TW3H 2007 Liver cancer, chronic liver disease
  1. TW3H Taiwanese survey on blood sugar, blood lipids and blood pressure, NHIS National Health Interview Survey, NAHSIT Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan
  2. TAQMN Taiwan Air Quality Monitoring Network, IHD ischemic heart disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  3. a: Other cardiovascular diseases (ICD 10: I00, I26–I28, I34–I37, I44–I51, I70–I99)
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Population Health Metrics

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