Table 1 Measurements, data sources, theoretical minimum-risk exposure distributions (TMRED), and corresponding disease outcome. The numbers for alternative exposure distribution represent mean and standard deviation
Risk factor | Exposure Metric | TMRED | Data Source | Disease Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
High blood pressure | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 115 (6) | TW3H 2007 | IHD, stroke, hypertensive heart diseases, other cardiovascular diseasesa |
High total cholesterol | Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 147 (23.2) | TW3H 2007 | IHD, ischemic stroke |
High blood glucose | Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 88.2 (5.4) | TW3H 2007 | IHD, stroke, diabetes mellitus, CKD |
Overweight/obesity | Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21 (1) | NHIS 2009 | IHD; ischemic stroke; hypertensive heart disease; other cardiovascular diseasesa; breast, colon, and kidney cancers; diabetes mellitus |
Sodium intake | Daily intake (g/d) | 0.5 (0.05) | NAHSIT 2013 | IHD, stroke, hypertensive heart diseases, other cardiovascular diseasesa |
Fruit and vegetable intake | Daily intake (g/d) | 600 (50) | NAHSIT 2013 | IHD; ischemic stroke; colorectal, stomach, lung, oral, esophageal cancers |
Tobacco smoking | Smoking Impact Ratio | No smoking | NHIS 2001, NHIS 2005, and Civil Servant cohorts | IHD; stroke; other cardiovascular diseases; cancers of lung and selected other sites (see Additional file 1 for details); CKD; COPD |
Alcohol use | Current alcohol use status | No alcohol use | NHIS 2009 | IHD; ischemic stroke; hemorrhagic stroke; hypertensive heart diseases; cancers of mouth, esophagus, breast, liver, and selected other sites (see Additional file 1 for details); diabetes mellitus; chronic liver disease; alcohol abuse; road traffic injuries; suicide |
Betel nut use | Current betel nut use status | No betel nut use | NHIS 2009 | Oral, esophagus, and larynx cancers |
Physical inactivity | Intensity of physical activity | Have intense physical activity | NHIS 2009 | IHD, ischemic stroke, breast and colon cancers, diabetes mellitus |
Ambient particulate matter pollution | PM 2.5 (Ī¼g/m3) | 7.5 (0.75) | TAQMN 2009 | IHD, stroke, lung cancer, COPD |
Hepatitis B virus | Seropositivity for hepatitis B surface antigen | No infection | TW3H 2007 | Liver cancer, chronic liver disease |
Hepatitis C virus | Seropositivity for antibody to hepatitis C | No infection | TW3H 2007 | Liver cancer, chronic liver disease |