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Table 4 Determinants of lack of awareness of diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia in multivariable models

From: Prevalence, determinants and association of unawareness of diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia with poor disease control in a multi-ethnic Asian population without cardiovascular disease

 

Diabetes

Hypertension

Hypercholesterolemia

Variable

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

Age (years)

1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

0.9

0.97 (0.96, 0.98)

< 0.001

0.99 (0.98,1.00)

0.05

 40-49 years

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 50-59 years

1.28 (0.95, 1.71)

0.099

0.72 (0.59, 0.87)

0.001

0.72 (0.57, 0.91)

0.006

 60-69 years

1.24 (0.89, 1.71)

0.2

0.51 (0.41, 0.63)

< 0.001

0.67 (0.52, 0.87)

0.003

 ≥ 70 years

1.04 (0.70, 1.53)

0.9

0.43 (0.34, 0.56)

< 0.001

0.79 (0.57, 1.08)

0.1

Body mass index (kg/m2)

1.04 (1.02, 1.06)

< 0.001

0.94 (0.92, 0.95)

< 0.001

0.98 (0.96, 1.00)

0.018

 Normal/underweight

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Overweight

1.02 (0.78, 1.35)

0.880

0.75 (0.65, 0.88)

< 0.001

0.79 (0.66, 0.96)

0.017

 Obese

1.50 (1.13, 1.98)

0.005

0.52 (0.43, 0.61)

< 0.001

0.75 (0.60, 0.94)

0.011

Number of self-reported non-CVD comorbid conditions*

0.71 (0.60, 0.83)

< 0.001

0.93 (0.84, 1.02)

0.1

0.80 (0.70, 0.90)

< 0.001

Self-reported hypercholesterolemia

0.34 (0.27, 0.41)

< 0.001

0.22 (0.19, 0.25)

< 0.001

-

-

Self-reported hypertension

0.51 (0.41, 0.64)

< 0.001

0.20 (0.16, 0.23)

< 0.001

Self-reported diabetes

0.52 (0.44, 0.61)

< 0.001

0.32 (0.26, 0.40)

< 0.001

Gender

 Male

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Female

0.99 (0.77, 1.28)

0.9

0.89 (0.76, 1.04)

0.1

0.97 (0.80, 1.18)

0.8

Ethnicity

 Chinese

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Malay

1.33 (1.01, 1.75)

0.046

1.44 (1.23, 1.69)

< 0.001

2.68 (2.18, 3.31)

< 0.001

 Indian

0.58 (0.44, 0.76)

< 0.001

1.24 (1.05,1.46)

0.010

1.11 (0.91, 1.35)

0.3

Income < S$1000

0.94 (0.71, 1.24)

0.7

0.93 (0.78, 1.12)

0.5

0.90 (0.72, 1.13)

0.4

≤ 6 years education

1.10 (0.86, 1.41)

0.4

1.00 (0.85, 1.17)

0.9

1.29 (1.05, 1.57)

0.013

Alcohol drinker

0.97 (0.64, 1.46)

0.9

1.01 (0.79, 1.28)

0.9

0.85 (0.62, 1.16)

0.3

Current smoker

1.17 (0.87, 1.58)

0.3

1.29 (1.06, 1.58)

0.012

1.35 (1.05, 1.74)

0.018

Occupation

 Professionals and office workers

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Service workers, production workers or cleaners

0.85 (0.62, 1.18)

0.3

1.02 (0.82, 1.26)

0.9

1.32 (1.02,1.69)

0.033

 Homemakers, retirees, unemployed or others

0.65 (0.45, 0.93)

0.017

1.12 (0.89, 1.41)

0.3

1.54 (1.16, 2.05)

0.003

Marital Status

 Never married

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Married

0.90 (0.55, 1.48)

0.7

1.20 (0.90, 1.61)

0.2

0.58 (0.41, 0.81)

0.002

 Separated or divorced

0.86 (0.42, 1.76)

0.7

1.23 (0.80, 1.89)

0.3

0.70 (0.42, 1.17)

0.2

 Widowed

0.71 (0.40, 1.26)

0.2

1.22 (0.87, 1.72)

0.2

0.83 (0.55, 1.26)

0.4

Housing

 5 room HDB and above

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 3–4 room HDB or less

0.80 (0.63, 1.02)

0.07

1.03 (0.88, 1.20)

0.7

1.13 (0.94, 1.37)

0.2

  1. HDB Housing Development Board
  2. Includes ocular (cataract, myopia, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, eye trauma) and systemic non-CVD (e.g. thyroid disease) conditions
  3. Values in italics: P <0.05