Fig. 1From: The cross-sectional average length of healthy life (HCAL): a measure that summarizes the history of cohort health and mortalityThree demographic concepts for the measurement of life years. The upper panel shows the period perspective, the cohort perspective, and the cross-sectional cohort average concept in a Lexis surface. The lower panel shows the empirical survivorship functions corresponding to the three concepts using data for French males in 2015. Period LE, cohort LE, and CAL are defined as the area under the curves. The three measures are given by integrating the corresponding survivorship function over all ages (depicted next to the curves)Back to article page