The cross-sectional average length of healthy life (HCAL): a measure that summarizes the history of cohort health and mortality

Table 3 Difference in the estimates of LE, HE, CAL, and HCAL in absolute and relative terms for eight European countries from 2008 to 2014

	Denmark	Finland	France	Germany	Italy	Netherlands	Norway	UK
Change in LE
Females	1.74	0.84	1.09	0.93	0.99	1.01	1.13	1.30
Males	2.08	1.81	1.67	1.32	1.57	1.55	1.71	1.70
Change in HE
Females	− 1.01	− 3.80	0.19	− 1.88	0.84	− 1.83	− 0.07	− 0.75
Males	− 2.06	0.54	0.29	0.50	− 0.02	1.98	1.27	0.77
Change in HE/LE
Females	− 2.77	− 5.27	− 0.76	− 3.03	0.12	− 3.07	− 1.21	− 2.15
Males	− 4.75	− 1.08	− 1.36	− 0.55	− 1.59	0.98	− 0.32	− 0.77
Change in CAL
Females	1.45	1.84	1.77	1.63	2.09	1.30	1.22	1.68
Males	1.75	2.14	2.02	1.84	2.36	1.86	1.72	1.99
Change in HCAL
Females	− 1.07	− 3.25	0.54	− 1.47	1.40	− 1.60	0.07	− 0.26
Males	− 1.90	0.63	0.52	0.67	0.60	2.12	1.45	1.19
Change in HCAL/CAL
Females	− 2.73	− 5.79	− 1.07	− 3.30	− 0.27	− 3.18	− 1.18	− 2.03
Males	− 4.48	− 1.44	− 1.58	− 0.91	− 1.85	0.87	− 0.12	− 0.61

The table gives the difference between the estimates in 2008 and 2014 for LE, HE, CAL, and HCAL in absolute and relative terms in Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, and the UK (separated for women and men). Source: HMD and EU-SILC data (own calculations)

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