Stillbirth maternity care measurement and associated factors in population-based surveys: EN-INDEPTH study

Di Stefano, Lydia; Bottecchia, Matteo; Yargawa, Judith; Akuze, Joseph; Haider, M. Moinuddin; Galiwango, Edward; Dzabeng, Francis; Fisker, Ane B.; Geremew, Bisrat Misganaw; Cousens, Simon; Lawn, Joy E.; Blencowe, Hannah; Waiswa, Peter

doi:10.1186/s12963-020-00240-1

Population Health Metrics

Table 1 Reported maternity care for births in 5 years preceding EN-INDEPTH survey by outcome (n = 15,591)

From: Stillbirth maternity care measurement and associated factors in population-based surveys: EN-INDEPTH study

	Children surviving the neonatal period n = 12,620		Neonatal death n = 1528		Late gestation stillbirth n = 1033		Early gestation stillbirth n = 410
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Antenatal care provider^a
Doctor	2106	16.7	379	24.8	278	26.9	65	15.9
Midwife/nurse	8329	66.0	938	61.4	640	62.0	224	54.6
Other	1053	8.3	72	4.7	30	2.9	16	3.9
No ANC	1131	9.0	138	9.0	80	7.7	103	25.1
Number of ANC visits
0	1131	9.0	138	9.0	80	7.7	103	25.1
1	489	3.9	97	6.4	66	6.4	63	15.4
2	887	7.0	135	8.8	96	9.3	70	17.1
3	1920	15.2	212	13.9	167	16.2	60	14.6
4 or more	7263	57.6	827	54.1	531	51.4	90	22.0
Not known	925	7.3	117	7.7	88	8.5	22	5.4
Timing of 1st ANC visit^b
First trimester	1725	15.0	255	18.4	171	18.0	88	28.9
Second trimester	8746	76.1	1005	72.4	685	72.3	209	68.5
Third trimester	853	7.4	92	6.6	70	7.4	2	0.7
Not known	164	1.4	37	2.7	22	2.3	6	2.0
Place of ANC
Government facility only	7481	59.3	846	55.4	544	52.7	191	46.6
Private facility only	2478	19.6	390	25.5	266	25.8	71	17.3
Government and private	473	3.8	51	3.3	56	5.4	7	1.7
Other only	1056	8.4	102	6.7	82	7.9	36	8.8
Birth attendant^c
Skilled provider	7411	58.7	1041	68.1	736	71.3	258	62.9
Unskilled provider	4929	39.1	447	29.3	250	24.2	71	17.3
None	278	2.2	38	2.5	41	4.0	78	19.0
Place of birth
A home	4252	33.7	446	29.2	264	25.6	143	34.9
Government hospital	2854	22.6	430	28.1	421	40.8	136	33.2
Government health centre	2365	18.7	243	15.9	87	8.4	29	7.1
Private sector	2092	16.6	272	17.8	184	17.8	62	15.1
Other	1055	8.4	136	8.9	71	6.9	37	9.0
Mode of delivery
Elective caesarean section	805	6.4	90	5.9	48	4.7	8	2.0
Emergency caesarean section	894	7.1	160	10.5	112	10.8	15	3.7
Vaginal birth	10,919	86.5	1277	83.6	867	83.9	384	93.7
Length of stay at facility
0 to < 6 h	1259	16.7	127	12.8	81	11.7	38	16.7
6 to < 12 h	1301	17.3	94	9.5	58	8.4	25	11.0
12 to < 24 h	779	10.3	89	9.0	43	6.2	19	8.3
1–2 days	2165	28.7	321	32.4	216	31.2	101	44.3
3 or more days	2036	27.0	360	36.3	295	42.6	45	19.7
Postnatal check
Yes	6498	85.4	847	84.5	596	84.3	184	79.0
No	1109	14.6	155	15.5	111	15.7	49	21.0

Reported maternity care for all births asked additional questions on pregnancy and birth in the EN-INDEPTH survey
^aRefers to the highest level provider. ANC provider not considered in further analyses in view of known concerns regarding the accuracy of women’s report of this
^bFor categorisation, trimesters were defined as first (< 13 weeks, < 3 months), second (13–27 weeks, 3–6 months), third (28 weeks, 7 months onwards)
^cIn view of potential difficulty of women knowing the skill of her provider, ‘skilled and unskilled’ healthcare provider groups are merged

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