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Table 3 p Values obtained from comparing group medians using paired Wilcoxon rank-sum tests

From: Addressing missing values in routine health information system data: an evaluation of imputation methods using data from the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the COVID-19 pandemic

Imputation method

5% missing

10% missing

15% missing

20% missing

25% missing

30% missing

Complete data

< 2.2E−16

< 2.2E−16

< 2.2E−16

< 2.2E−16

< 2.2E−16

< 2.2E−16

Mean

4.00E−14

5.71E−12

1.40E−07

4.59E−05

2.84E−04

6.13E−04

Exclusion and interpolation

< 2.2E−16

< 2.2E−16

< 2.2E−16

< 2.2E−16

< 2.2E−16

5.21E−15

Random forest

< 2.2E−16

5.60E−16

3.28E−15

3.99E−13

1.36E−05

8.09E−10

Multiple imputation

< 2.2E−16

< 2.2E−16

< 2.2E−16

5.36E−11

5.76E−09

4.70E−12

k-NN

< 2.2E−16

< 2.2E−16

2.15E−15

4.70E−14

7.23E−13

1.08E−08

Seasonal decomposition

2.51E−15

2.51E−15

3.74E−15

3.84E−11

1.10E−10

3.33E−10