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Table 1 Relative cross validation error for single hold-out strata in all-cause, pneumonia- and injury-specific mortality by age in China, 1996–2015

From: Adapting and validating the log quadratic model to derive under-five age- and cause-specific mortality (U5ACSM): a preliminary analysis

Age

Relative error in \(_{x}q_{0}\) per 1000 livebirths

 xq0 (range)

Log quadratic with \(k =0\) (%)

Log quadratic with estimated k (%)

Standard\(^{\ddagger }\) (%)

All cause\(^{\dagger }\)

 0–6 days (\(_{6d}q_{0}\))

18

16

67

1.3–29.7

 0–27 days (\(_{27d}q_{0}\))

15

0

0

1.9–38.0

 0–5 months (\(_{5mo}q_{0}\))

7

3

17

2.6–55.3

 0–11 months (\(_{11mo}q_{0}\))

5

4

18

2.9–62.4

 0–23 months (\(_{23mo}q_{0}\))

3

3

16

3.2–68.4

 0–59 months (\(_{59mo}q_{0}\))

0

0

0

3.6–76.7

Pneumonia-specific*

 0–6 days (\(_{6d}q_{0,c}\))

78

64

51

0.0–3.5

 0–27 days (\(_{27d}q_{0,c}\))

47

0

0

0.0–6.9

 0–5 months (\(_{5mo}q_{0,c}\))

14

11

36

0.1–16.0

 0–11 months (\(_{11mo}q_{0,c}\))

9

8

37

0.1–20.0

 0–23 months (\(_{23mo}q_{0,c}\))

5

5

30

0.2–22.9

 0–59 months (\(_{59mo}q_{0,c}\))

0

0

0

0.2–24.0

Injury-specific**

 0–6 days (\(_{6d}q_{0,c}\))

68

62

59

0.0–4.4

 0–27 days (\(_{27d}q_{0,c}\))

68

0

0

0.0–4.7

 0–5 months (\(_{5mo}q_{0,c}\))

43

25

31

0.0–6.1

 0–11 months (\(_{11mo}q_{0,c}\))

32

23

23

0.0–6.5

 0–23 months (\(_{23mo}q_{0,c}\))

16

17

18

0.1–7.4

 0–59 months (\(_{59mo}q_{0,c}\))

0

0

0

0.3–11.9

  1. Error shown as average percent difference between estimated and observed \(_{x}q_{0}\) and \(_{x}q_{0,c}\)
  2. \({\ddagger }\)Based on constant mortality daily/monthly rate across age within 0–27 days and 1–59 months
  3. \(\dagger\) \(k\) matched to all-cause neonatal mortality
  4. *k matched to pneumonia-specific neonatal mortality
  5. **k matched to injury-specific neonatal mortality