Table 4 Association of socio-demographic characteristics with current cigarette smoking among male respondents stratified by area of residence ¹

Age (years)

≤ 30

1 [Ref]²

1 [Ref]

1 [Ref]

31-50

1.48 (1.10, 1.98)

1.56 (1.13, 2.15)

0.99 (0.48, 2.03)

>50

1.60 (0.97, 2.64)

1.73 (1.03, 2.93)

0.91 (0.19, 4.35)

OR per change in category (95% CI)

1.34 (1.08, 1.67)

1.40 (1.11, 1.77)

0.97 (0.51, 1.82)

2. Education

Illiterate/No formal education

1 [Ref]

1 [Ref]

1 [Ref]

Up to primary (≤ 5 years)

0.71 (0.39, 1.30)

0.84 (0.45, 1.57)

0.70 (0.22, 2.24)

Up to middle (6–8 years)

0.61 (0.34, 1.10)

0.74 (0.36, 1.51)

0.57 (0.22, 1.50)

Up to matric (9–10 years)

0.40 (0.22, 0.71)

0.56 (0.29, 1.08)

0.18 (0.06, 0.50)

Up to intermediate (11–12 years)

0.30 (0.17, 0.54)

0.40 (0.21, 0.75)

0.13 (0.02, 0.70)

Graduate/post graduate/professional education

0.26 (0.15, 0.47)

0.35 (0.18, 0.67)

0.12 (0.03, 0.50)

OR per change in category (95% CI)

0.79 (0.71, 0.86)

0.82 (0.74, 0.90)

0.68 (0.55, 0.83)

3. Poverty Score

Bottom quartile (Poorest)

1 [Ref]

1 [Ref]

1 [Ref]

Second quartile

1.16 (0.83, 1.62)

1.22 (0.85, 1.76)

0.99 (0.46, 2.12)

Third quartile

0.92 (0.61, 1.38)

0.99 (0.64, 1.52)

0.59 (0.21, 1.66)

Top quartile (Richest)

1.04 (0.70, 1.56)

1.07 (0.71, 1.61)

1.07 (0.30, 3.73)

OR per change in category (95% CI)

0.99 (0.87, 1.13)

1.00 (0.88, 1.14)

0.98 (0.66, 1.45)

4. Monthly household income (Rs.) ³

< 3000

1 [Ref]

1 [Ref]

1 [Ref]

3001–7000

0.74 (0.33, 1.68)

0.83 (0.26, 2.68)

0.63 (0.20, 1.99)

7001–10,000

0.56 (0.24, 1.32)

0.63 (0.18, 2.12)

0.65 (0.19, 2.26)

10,001–15,000

0.51 (0.20, 1.33)

0.81 (0.24, 2.68)

0.06 (0.01, 0.39)

15,001–30,000

0.52 (0.21, 1.26)

0.73 (0.24, 2.25)

0.18 (0.03, 1.05)

>30,000

0.60 (0.24, 1.54)

0.83 (0.26, 2.67)

0.17 (0.02, 1.79)

OR per change in category (95% CI)

0.93 (0.80, 1.07)

1.00 (0.87, 1.16)

0.57 (0.41, 0.80)

5. Fathers’ tobacco use ⁴

Yes

2.30 (1.61, 3.29)

2.33 (1.58, 3.44)

2.13 (0.84, 5.40)

No

1 [Ref]

1 [Ref]

1 [Ref]

6. Mothers’ tobacco use ⁴

Yes

1.16 (0.64, 2.08)

1.15 (0.61, 2.18)

1.48 (0.34, 6.38)

No

1 [Ref]

1 [Ref]

1 [Ref]

7. Province

Punjab

1 [Ref]

1 [Ref]

1 [Ref]

Sindh

0.86 (0.55, 1.35)

0.89 (0.55, 1.43)

0.84 (0.24, 2.96)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

0.34 (0.20, 0.58)

0.34 (0.20, 0.58)

0.29 (0.07, 1.24)

Balochistan

0.91 (0.51, 1.60)

1.11 (0.66, 1.86)

-

8. Location

Urban

1 [Ref]

NA⁵

NA

Rural

1.21 (0.67, 2.15)

NA

NA

9. Migration from village to city (urban residents only)

Yes

NA

1.32 (0.92, 1.88)

NA

No

NA

1 [Ref]

NA