Table 1 Data used in this study and approach used to impute missing covariate data, 1990-2011
Indicator | Number of non-missing data points (N =4224) n (%) | Original source | Approach used to estimate missing values within country in our study | Number of non-missing data points following re-estimation (N =4224) n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
IMR (per 1000 live births) – no denominator | 4224 (100%) | Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division). | --- | --- |
Live births (calculated from crude birth rate versus total population estimates) – offset for regression model | 4098 (97.9%) | (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database. | Linear, within country | 4224 (100%) |
Number of infant deaths | 4224 (100%) | Calculated from the two indicators above. | --- | --- |
No access to water (100- percentage of population with access to improved water) | 4102 (97.1%) | WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation. | Linear, within country | 4180 (99.0%) |
Children (<12 months) not immunized against DPT | 4079 (96.6%) | WHO and UNICEF. | Linear, within country | 4200 (99.4%) |
GDP per capita (in US$) | 4032 (95.5%) | World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files. | Non-linear (second order polynomial), within country | 4169 (98.7%) |
No access to sanitation (100- percentage of population with access to improved sanitation facilities) | 3930 (93.0%) | WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation. | Linear, within country | 4136 (97.9%) |
HIV prevalence (15–49 years) | 3212 (76.0%) | UNAIDS estimates. | (1) Non-linear (second order polynomial), within country. | 4212 (99.7%) |
(2) Countries with no observations, based on neighboring WHO subregion values. | ||||
Out-of-pocket health expenditure (% of private expenditure on health) | 3181 (75.3%) | World Health Organization National Health Account database. | Linear, within country | 4148 (98.2%) |
Adolescent fertility rate (number of births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) | 2700 (63.9%) | United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects. | Linear, within country | 3982 (94.3%) |
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) | 910 (21.5%), data points only for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 | Hogan et al. Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980–2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5. Lancet. 2010 May 8; 375(9726):1609–23. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60518-1. | Linear, within country | 4002 (94.7%) |
UNICEF, State of the World's Children, Childinfo, and Demographic and Health Surveys by ICF International. | ||||
Female education (mean number of years of education for female adults aged 25+ years) | 348 (8.2%), data points only for 1970, 1990, 2009 | Gakidou et al. Increased educational attainment and its effect on child mortality in 175 countries between 1970 and 2009: a systematic analysis. The Lancet - 18 September 2010 (Vol. 376, Issue 9745, Pages 959–974) doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61257-3. | (1) Linear, within country | 4068 (96.3%) |
(2) Regress against“Progression to secondary school amongst females”. | ||||
Progression to secondary school amongst females (%) | 1541 (36.5%) | UNESCO Institute for Statistics. | Linear, within country | 3427 (81.1%) |
Primary education non-completion amongst females (%) | 2163 (51.2%) | UNESCO Institute for Statistics. | Linear, within country | 2985 (70.7%) |