| Males | Females | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | 1970–1984 | 1984–1994 | 1994–2004 | 2004–2010a | 1970–1984 | 1984–1994 | 1994–2004 | 2004–2010a |
Across all countries | ||||||||
Total: | 1.96 | 2.09 | 0.36 | −0.90 | 1.47 | 1.30 | 0.30 | −0.49 |
  EME | 1.39 | 0.68 | 0.92 | 0.43 | 1.47 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.26 |
  CEE | 0.00 | −0.02 | −0.08 | −0.03 | −0.15 | −0.09 | −0.08 | −0.02 |
  FSU | 0.57 | 1.43 | −0.48 | −1.30 | 0.15 | 0.61 | −0.41 | −0.73 |
Between-group | ||||||||
Total: | 2.23 | 2.09 | 0.41 | −0.88 | 1.74 | 1.22 | 0.12 | −0.48 |
  EME | 1.57 | 0.69 | 0.97 | 0.46 | 1.78 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.35 |
  CEE | −0.01 | −0.03 | −0.09 | −0.03 | −0.22 | −0.11 | −0.10 | −0.03 |
  FSU | 0.67 | 1.44 | −0.46 | −1.31 | 0.17 | 0.63 | −0.46 | −0.80 |
Within-group | ||||||||
Total: | 0.03 | 0.31 | −0.15 | −0.19 | 0.09 | 0.44 | 0.45 | −0.14 |
  EME | 0.06 | 0.07 | −0.07 | −0.06 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 0.42 | −0.11 |
  CEE | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
  FSU | −0.06 | 0.22 | −0.12 | −0.14 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.01 | −0.03 |