Table 2 Factors associated with smoking, cessation, and exposure to secondhand smoke
Smoking | Cessation | Exposure to secondhand smoke | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P value | OR | 95 % CI | P value | OR | 95 % CI | P value | OR | 95 % CI | |
males | |||||||||
Age | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
18–24vs25–40 | 0.00 | 0.64 | (0.57–0.72) | 0.00 | 0.55 | (0.40–0.76) | 0.00 | 1.58 | (1.32–1.88) |
40–64vs25–40 | 0.00 | 0.72 | (0.67–0.79) | 0.00 | 2.08 | (1.81–2.39) | 0.00 | 0.51 | (0.45–0.59) |
> = 65vs25–40 | 0.00 | 0.43 | (0.38–0.49) | 0.00 | 5.82 | (4.77–7.11) | 0.00 | 0.30 | (0.24–0.36) |
college degree or above VS Under high school | 0.00 | 0.48 | (0.45–0.52) | 0.00 | 1.41 | (1.24–1.62) | 0.00 | 0.71 | (0.63–0.80) |
Level of urbanization | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.63 | ||||||
Medium vs high | 0.33 | 1.05 | (0.95–1.15) | 0.00 | 0.80 | (0.69–0.93) | 0.42 | 0.95 | (0.83–1.08) |
Low vs high | 0.43 | 0.96 | (0.86–1.07) | 0.00 | 0.70 | (0.60–0.83) | 0.89 | 0.99 | (0.86–1.15) |
Marital status | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 | ||||||
Other vs married and living together | 0.00 | 1.52 | (1.36–1.69) | 0.00 | 0.72 | (0.62–0.85) | 0.04 | 1.21 | (1.01–1.44) |
Never married vs married and living together | 0.00 | 1.22 | (1.11–1.34) | 0.00 | 0.55 | (0.46–0.67) | 0.81 | 1.02 | (0.88–1.18) |
Household income(USD) | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.01 | ||||||
<1,000 vs 1,000–3,333 | 0.04 | 1.10 | (1.00–1.20) | 0.00 | 0.81 | (0.71–0.93) | 0.00 | 0.82 | (0.72–0.93) |
>3,333 vs 1,000–3,333 | 0.18 | 0.94 | (0.86–1.03) | 0.10 | 1.14 | (0.97–1.33) | 0.57 | 0.97 | (0.86–.09) |
Currently employed vs not employed | 0.00 | 1.28 | (1.18–1.39) | 0.00 | 0.67 | (0.59–0.77) | 0.00 | 2.05 | (1.82–2.31) |
Chews betel nut vs doesn’t chew betel nut | 0.00 | 4.53 | (4.17–4.92) | 0.00 | 0.76 | (0.68–0.86) | 0.00 | 2.14 | (1.81–2.54) |
Drinks alcohol vs doesn’t drink alcohol | 0.00 | 2.40 | (2.25–2.57) | 0.00 | 0.60 | (0.54–0.67) | 0.00 | 1.60 | (1.41–1.81) |
Comparison between surveys | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
2001VS2005 | 0.12 | 1.08 | (0.98–1.18) | 0.00 | 0.75 | (0.63–0.88) | |||
2009VS2005 | 0.00 | 0.72 | (0.66–0.79) | 0.00 | 2.41 | (2.06–2.80) | 0.50 | 0.96 | (0.85–1.08) |
2013VS2005 | 0.00 | 0.63 | (0.57–0.69) | 0.00 | 2.56 | (2.22–2.95) | 0.00 | 0.78 | (0.70–0.88) |
females | |||||||||
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||||
0.13 | 0.84 | (0.66–1.05) | 0.29 | 0.70 | (0.36–1.36) | 0.00 | 1.66 | (1.45–1.91) | |
0.00 | 0.34 | (0.29–0.41) | 0.13 | 1.39 | (0.90–2.13) | 0.00 | 0.64 | (0.58–0.70) | |
0.00 | 0.12 | (0.08–0.16) | 0.00 | 4.96 | (2.68–9.18) | 0.00 | 0.31 | (0.27–0.36) | |
0.00 | 0.17 | (0.14–0.21) | 0.00 | 2.11 | (1.33–3.33) | 0.00 | 0.68 | (0.63–0.75) | |
0.00 | 0.14 | 0.02 | |||||||
0.04 | 0.83 | (0.69–0.99) | 0.44 | 1.18 | (0.77–1.81) | 0.09 | 1.09 | (0.99–1.19) | |
0.00 | 0.48 | (0.38–0.60) | 0.33 | 0.77 | (0.45–1.32) | 0.01 | 1.17 | (1.05–1.31) | |
0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | |||||||
0.00 | 3.31 | (2.78–3.95) | 0.00 | 0.48 | (0.31–0.74) | 0.00 | 0.83 | (0.75–0.92) | |
0.00 | 1.99 | (1.59–2.50) | 0.42 | 0.82 | (0.50–1.35) | 0.84 | 0.99 | (0.89–1.10) | |
0.01 | 0.02 | 0.49 | |||||||
0.10 | 1.14 | (0.97–1.34) | 0.63 | 1.11 | (0.72–1.70) | 0.75 | 0.99 | (0.91–1.07) | |
0.01 | 0.75 | (0.60–0.94) | 0.00 | 2.21 | (1.29–3.78) | 0.24 | 0.94 | (0.85–1.04) | |
0.48 | 1.05 | (0.91–1.22) | 0.03 | 0.65 | (0.45–0.95) | 0.00 | 1.60 | (1.48–1.72) | |
0.00 | 7.84 | (5.79–10.9) | 0.78 | 0.92 | (0.52–1.64) | 0.00 | 1.99 | (1.38–2.85) | |
0.00 | 4.59 | (3.93–5.36) | 0.00 | 0.45 | (0.30–0.69) | 0.00 | 1.92 | (1.67–2.21) | |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||||
0.00 | 0.67 | (0.55–0.81) | 0.85 | 1.05 | (0.63–1.76) | ||||
0.35 | 1.09 | (0.91–1.30) | 0.00 | 3.14 | (2.00–4.94) | 0.00 | 0.81 | (0.74–0.89) | |
0.70 | 1.04 | (0.85–1.27) | 0.01 | 2.77 | (1.67–4.58) | 0.00 | 0.68 | (0.62–0.74) | |