Table 7 Multivariable analysis of anemia risk factors using multinomial regression among women

 18–24

1

1

 25–34

1.09(0.93–1.29)

0.28

1.32(1.09–1.60)

0.005

 35–44

1.38(1.12–1.68)

0.002

2.10(1.66–2.66)

<0.001

 45–54

1.27(1.00–1.62)

0.05

1.86(1.40–2.45)

<0.001

 55–64

0.95(0.71–1.27)

0.74

0.88(0.60–1.28)

0.49

  > 65

1.08(0.80–1.48)

0.60

1.14(0.77–1.68)

0.53

 Never smoker

1

1

 Past

0.73(0.26–2.10)

0.57

0.24(0.03–1.82)

0.17

 Current

2.65(1.07–6.57)

0.04

1.05(0.23–4.70)

0.95

 Rural (Karonga)

1

1

 Urban (Lilongwe)

1.08(0.92–1.26)

0.34

1.07(0.89–1.29)

0.46

 No formal/illiterate

1.02(0.85–1.21)

0.84

1.15(0.93–1.41)

0.19

 Standard

1

1

 Secondary

1.31(1.15–1.48)

<0.001

1.02(0.88–1.19)

0.78

 Tertiary

1.30(1.03–1.63)

0.03

1.12(0.87–1.44)

0.39

 1^st (lowest)

1

1

 2^nd

1.03(0.88–1.21)

0.69

0.95(0.78–1.16)

0.63

 3^rd

0.97(0.82–1.15)

0.76

1.07(0.87–1.31)

0.54

 4^th

1.01(0.86–1.19)

0.91

1.13(0.93–1.38)

0.22

 5^th(highest)

1.10(0.92–1.32)

0.29

1.18(0.95–1.47)

0.13

 Unemployed

1

1

 Farming/Fishing

1.05(0.88–1.25)

0.59

0.99(0.80–1.22)

0.90

 Self-employed

0.97(0.83–1.13)

0.72

0.97(0.81–1.16)

0.72

 Salaried worker

0.99(0.82–1.18)

0.88

1.04(0.85–1.28)

0.69

 HIV Negative

1

1

 HIV+ and <5 years on ART

2.01(1.62–2.48)

<0.001

2.82(2.24–3.65)

<0.001

 HIV+ and >5 years on ART

1.30(0.94–1.80)

0.12

2.23(1.61–3.09)

<0.001

 HIV+ not on ART

2.53(1.99–3.21)

<0.001

4.19(3.29–5.35)

<0.001

 Unknown HIV status

1.22(1.06–1.39)

0.004

1.70(1.46–1.98)

<0.001

 No

1

1

 Yes

2.65(2.19–3.20)

<0.001

2.21(1.72–2.82)

<0.001

 None

1.43(1.19–1.72)

<0.001

2.11(1.72–2.60)

<0.001

 1–2

1

1

 3–5

1.09(0.94–1.27)

0.23

0.94(0.79–1.11)

0.46

 6+

1.25(1.02–1.53)

0.03

0.88(0.69–1.11)

0.28