Table 3 Summary characteristics of the 21 studies with cost-effectiveness analyses for New Zealand in the period 1 January 2010 to 8 October 2017 (for the key interventions in each paper as shown in Table 2)

Key methods

 Discount rate of 0% or not stated (mainly 1-year trials)

 Discount rate used includes 3.0% or 3.5%

 Discount rate of 5% or 10%

 Used QALYs

 Used DALYs

 Used LYs

 Time horizon was lifetime

 Time horizon was only 12 months

 Perspective included health system

 Perspective included societal aspects

  Productivity costs were considered

  Greenhouse gas emissions were considered

 Study fully funded by industry

 Study with only partial funding by industry

Disease/condition being primarily prevented or treated

 Cardiovascular disease

 Cervical cancer

 Obesity

 Injuries

 Sleep disorders

 Other (all single disease/conditions)

Nature of the intervention

 Primary prevention (completely avert disease)

 Secondary prevention/screening (slow/halt progression of disease)

 Treatment/disease management

 Includes universal interventions—i.e., whole population (even if just in scenario analyses)

 Includes targeted interventions— i.e., one particular population group (even if just in scenario analyses)

 Includes mandatory interventions (even if just in scenario analyses)

 Includes voluntary interventions (even if just in scenario analyses)

Results (as per the key results in Table 2)

 Likely to be cost-saving

 Likely to be cost-effective (ICER < NZ$ 45,000 per QALY/DALY/LY)

 Not cost-effective