Table 4 Multivariable analysis of association between stillbirth and woman’s and baby’s and maternity care characteristics (FBH+ only, n = 14,991)
| Â | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | p value (Wald test) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p value (Wald test) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | ||||
 Bandim | 1.17 (0.94–1.47) | < 0.001 | 1.17 (0.77–1.77) | < 0.001 |
 Dabat | 0.53 (0.38–0.73) |  | 0.38 (0.22–0.66) |  |
 IgangaMayuge | 0.47 (0.33–0.66) |  | 0.19 (0.11–0.33) |  |
 Matlab | 1.00 (base) |  | 1.00 (base) |  |
 Kintampo | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) |  | 0.34 (0.21–0.54) |  |
Age-group (years)a | ||||
 15–24 | 1.00 (base) | 0.020 | 1.00 (base) | 0.206 |
 25–29 | 1.14 (0.89–1.45) |  | 0.77 (0.55–1.07) |  |
 30–34 | 1.36 (1.06–1.75) |  | 0.65 (0.44–0.95) |  |
 35–39 | 1.30 (0.99–1.71) |  | 0.61 (0.40–0.95) |  |
 40–50 | 1.59 (1.17–2.16) |  | 0.69 (0.42–1.12) |  |
Education-status | ||||
 No education | 1.00 (base) | 0.173 | ----- | ----- |
 Primary only | 1.03 (0.82–1.28) |  | ----- |  |
 Primary and secondary | 1.05 (0.85–1.31) |  | ----- |  |
 Higher | 0.66 (0.43–1.01) |  | ----- |  |
Wealth quintile | ||||
 Poorest | 1.00 (base) | 0.096 | 1.00 (base) | 0.015 |
 Poorer | 1.01 (0.79–1.29) |  | 0.92 (0.68–1.24) |  |
 Middle | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) |  | 0.75 (0.55–1.02) |  |
 Wealthier | 0.91 (0.71–1.17) |  | 0.75 (0.55–1.02) |  |
 Wealthiest | 0.71 (0.53–0.93) |  | 0.57 (0.40–0.80) |  |
Parity | ||||
 1 | 1.00 (base) | < 0.001 | 1.00 (base) | < 0.001 |
 2 | 1.84 (1.31–2.59) |  | 2.23 (1.45–3.42) |  |
 3 | 2.69 (1.92–3.77) |  | 3.78 (2.36–6.06) |  |
 4 | 2.85 (1.98–4.10) |  | 5.44 (3.15–9.38) |  |
 5+ | 2.62 (1.89–3.65) |  | 6.57 (3.74–11.54) |  |
Gestational age at birth (months) | ||||
 7 | 26.2 (19.91–34.56) | < 0.001 | 36.0 (24.56–52.83) | < 0.001 |
 8 | 5.67 (4.48–7.16) |  | 8.84 (5.92–13.22) |  |
 9 | 1.00 (base) |  | 1.00 (base) |  |
 ≥ 10 | 1.42 (1.02–1.98) |  | 1.51 (1.05–2.19) |  |
Perceived size at birth | ||||
 Very large | 1.54 (1.10–2.14) | < 0.001 | 1.83 (1.23–2.72) | < 0.001 |
 Larger than average | 2.00 (1.58–2.50) |  | 2.34 (1.78–3.07) |  |
 Average | 1.00 (Base) |  | 1.00 (base) |  |
 Smaller than average | 1.25 (0.91–1.71) |  | 0.69 (0.47–1.01) |  |
 Very small | 2.62 (1.84–3.72) |  | 0.58 (0.35–0.96) |  |
Number of ANC visits | ||||
 0 | 1.00 (base) | < 0.001 | 1.00 (base) | 0.170 |
 1–3 | 0.91 (0.66–1.25) |  | 0.96 (0.63–1.48) |  |
 4 or more | 0.64 (0.47–0.87) |  | 0.73 (0.47–1.14) |  |
 Not known | 0.91 (0.61–1.36) |  | 0.75 (0.42–1.35) |  |
Timing of 1st ANC visit | ||||
 First trimester | 1.00 (base) | 0.754 | ----- | ----- |
 Second trimester | 0.88 (0.69–1.12) |  | ----- |  |
 Third trimester | 0.87 (0.58–1.26) |  | ----- |  |
 Not known | 0.94 (0.47–1.89) |  | ----- |  |
Place of ANC | ||||
 Government facility only | 1.00 (base) | 0.284 | ----- | ----- |
 Private facility only | 1.10 (0.90–1.35) |  | ----- |  |
 Government and private | 1.38 (0.91–2.08) |  | ----- |  |
 Other only | 0.91 (0.68–1.22) |  | ----- |  |
Birth attendant | ||||
 Healthcare providerb | 1.00 (Base) | 0.139 | ----- | ----- |
 None | 1.42 (0.89–2.26) |  | ----- |  |
Place of birth | ||||
 A home | 1.00 (base) | < 0.001 | 1.00 (base) | < 0.001 |
 Government hospital | 2.25 (1.81–2.79) |  | 3.96 (2.77–5.65) |  |
 Government health centre | 0.57 (0.41–0.79) |  | 0.73 (0.46–1.13) |  |
 Private sector | 1.06 (0.82–1.36) |  | 1.49 (1.01–2.20) |  |
 Other | 0.94 (0.67–1.30) |  | 0.80 (0.54–1.19) |  |
Mode of delivery | ||||
 Elective caesarean section | 0.48 (0.31–0.73) | < 0.001 | 0.19 (0.11–0.34) | < 0.001 |
 Emergency caesarean section | 1.31 (1.00–1.72) |  | 0.55 (0.34–0.87) |  |
 Vaginal birth | 1.00 (base) |  | 1.00 (base) |  |