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Table 7 OLS regression of base and alternative model wealth index quintiles normalizing the number of cell phones and smartphones owned to the number of adults in the household with log of household expenditures and education level (beta coefficients reported, chi2, and p values for Wald tests comparing coefficients derived from base and comparison models). Base model contains only binary cell phone data, alternative wealth index (alt WI) model 1 adds number of cell phones, alt WI 2 model adds number of cell phones and number of smartphones (for polychoric PCA alt WI 2 model only, binary cell phone was dropped from analysis to allow model to converge), and the Alt full model has data on the number of cell phones, number of smartphones, and mobile data. All analyses are reported for both PCA-derived and polychoric PCA-derived wealth indices

From: Is the lack of smartphone data skewing wealth indices in low-income settings?

 

PCA

Polychoric PCA

 

Expenditure

Education

Expenditure

Education

Quintile

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

Base WI

-

0.61

0.87

1.06

1.26

-

0.13

0.26

0.17

0.11

-

0.65

0.98

1.13

1.66

-

0.04

0.08

0.09

0.79

Alt WI 1

-

0.67

0.86

1.07

1.29

-

0.14

0.28

0.15

0.11

-

0.64

0.94

1.15

1.61

-

0.04

0.05

0.10

0.79

 Chi2

-

4.27*

0.03

0.21

3.30

-

0.40

1.22

0.86

0.00

-

0.03

0.68

0.26

2.64

-

0.00

3.82

0.41

0.06

 Prob > chi2

-

0.04

0.85

0.64

0.07

-

0.53

0.27

0.35

0.98

-

0.87

0.41

0.61

0.10

-

0.95

0.05

0.52

0.80

Alt WI 2

-

0.68

0.88

1.10

1.47

-

0.07

0.15

0.17

0.41

-

0.64

0.97

1.14

1.63

-

0.03

0.04

0.12

0.78

 Chi2

-

2.93

0.11

0.93

38.29**

-

3.04

5.04*

0.01

41.58**

-

0.06

0.04

0.06

1.10

-

0.36

5.76*

1.97

0.14

 Prob > chi2

-

0.09

0.74

0.33

0.00

-

0.08

0.02

0.92

0.00

-

0.80

0.84

0.80

0.29

-

0.55

0.02

0.16

0.70

Alt Full

-

0.64

0.87

1.12

1.51

-

0.04

0.10

0.13

0.53

-

0.65

0.94

1.15

1.62

-

0.02

0.05

0.09

0.81

 Chi2

-

0.40

0.00

1.70

33.22**

-

5.02

9.26*

0.51

61.85**

-

0.00

1.14

0.15

1.36

-

1.06

4.61*

0.00

0.74

 Prob > chi2

-

0.53

1.00

0.19

0.00

-

0.03

0.00

0.47

0.00

-

0.99

0.28

0.70

0.24

-

0.30

0.03

0.98

0.39

  1. * denotes statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level
  2. ** denotes statistical significance at the p <0.01 level