Table 1 CVD burden in 2019 for NZ attributable to specific risk factors and ranked by the number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs; for all ages, both sexes (95% uncertainty intervals), GBD data extracted using the “GBD Results Tool”)

High systolic blood pressure

5400 (4210 to 6470)

45.2

84,800 (71,400 to 97,700)

46.3

Dietary risk factors—all (see also below for specific components)

3970 (3180 to 4810)

33.3

62,400 (51,000 to 74,900)

34.1

High LDL cholesterol

3330 (2300 to 4530)

27.9

51,200 (40,000 to 64,600)

28.0

High body-mass index (BMI)

1940 (1130 to 2850)

16.3

40,100 (25,500 to 56,300)

21.9

Tobacco (including secondhand smoke***)

1400 (1270 to 1520)

11.7

30,400 (28,000 to 32,900)

16.6

High fasting plasma glucose

2000

17.0

27,000

14.7

Kidney dysfunction

1200

10.1

15,400

8.38

Non-optimal temperature (just too low for NZ data and not including excessive temperature as in heat waves)

862

7.21

11,400

6.22

Low physical activity

673

5.63

7950

4.34

Alcohol use

103

0.87

4760

2.60

Lead exposure

258

2.16

3960

2.16

Air pollution in the form of ambient particulate matter pollution

172

1.44

3190

1.74

More specific risk factors—diet

Diet low in whole grains

1010

8.48

16,000

8.73

Diet high in red meat

814

6.82

14,400

7.84

Diet low in legumes

878

7.35

13,600

7.44

Diet high in trans fatty acids

502

4.21

7710

4.21

Diet high in sodium

377

3.16

6920

3.78

Diet low in dietary fiber

377

3.15

5720

3.12

Diet low in fruits

296

2.48

5050

2.76

Diet low in vegetables

323

2.70

4880

2.66

Diet high in processed meat

247

2.07

4370

2.39

Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids

201

1.69

3030

1.66

Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids

192

1.61

2990

1.63

Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages

104

0.87

1650

0.90

Diet low in nuts and seeds

137

1.15

1620

0.88